Exhibit 23.1

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-3 (Nos. 333-272124 and 333-265020) and Form S-8 (Nos. 333-265021 and 333-211398) of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. of our report dated October 27, 2023 relating to the financial statements of Validus Holdings, Ltd., which appears in Exhibit 99.1 of this Current Report on Form 8-K/A.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltd.

Hamilton, Bermuda

January 11, 2024

Exhibit 23.2

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS

We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-3 (Nos. 333-272124 and 333-265020) and Form S-8 (Nos. 333-265021 and 333-211398) of RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. of our report dated October 27, 2023 relating to the financial statements of the Specialty Business of Validus Specialty, LLC, which appears in Exhibit 99.3 of this Current Report on Form 8-K/A.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltd.

Hamilton, Bermuda

January 11, 2024

Exhibit 99.1

Validus Holdings, Ltd.

Incorporated in Bermuda

Consolidated Financial Statements

As at and for the years ended

December 31, 2022 and 2021

Expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share amounts

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Table of Contents

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Report of Independent Auditors

To the Board of Directors and Shareholder of Validus Holdings, Ltd.

Opinion

We have audited the accompanying consolidated financial statements of Validus Holdings, Ltd. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”), which comprise the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of (loss) income and comprehensive (loss) income, of shareholder’s equity and of cash flows for the years then ended, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”).

In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for opinion

We conducted our audit in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America (US GAAS). Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditors’ responsibilities for the audit of the consolidated financial statements section of our report. We are required to be independent of the Company and to meet our other ethical responsibilities, in accordance with the relevant ethical requirements relating to our audit. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.

Responsibilities of management for the consolidated financial statements

Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, and for the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date the consolidated financial statements are available to be issued.

Auditors’ responsibilities for the audit of the consolidated financial statements

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error and to issue an auditors’ report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance but is not absolute assurance and therefore is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with US GAAS will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations, or the override of internal control. Misstatements are considered material if there is a substantial likelihood that, individually or in the aggregate, they would influence the judgement made by a reasonable user based on the consolidated financial statements.

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In performing an audit in accordance with US GAAS, we:

We are required to communicate with those charged with governance regarding, among other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit, significant audit findings, and certain internal control-related matters that we identified during the audit.

Required supplemental information

Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America require that the required supplemental information pertaining to Short-Duration Contracts disclosures labelled as “Unaudited” within Note 10 on pages 36 to 39 be presented to supplement the basic consolidated financial statements. Such information is the responsibility of management and, although not a part of the basic consolidated financial statements, is required by the Financial Accounting Standards Board who considers it to be an essential part of financial reporting for placing the basic consolidated financial statements in an appropriate operational, economic, or historical context. We have applied certain limited procedures to the required supplemental information in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America, which consisted of inquiries of management about the methods of preparing the information and comparing the information for consistency with management’s responses to our inquiries, the basic consolidated financial statements, and other knowledge we obtained during our audit of the basic consolidated financial statements. We do not express an opinion or provide any assurance on the information because the limited procedures do not provide us with sufficient evidence to express an opinion or provide any assurance.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers Ltd.

Hamilton, Bermuda

October 27, 2023

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Validus Holdings, Ltd. (together with its wholly and majority owned subsidiaries, the “Company” or “Validus”) was incorporated under the laws of Bermuda on October 19, 2005. The Company provides reinsurance coverage and insurance-linked securities (“ILS”) management. The Company is wholly owned by American International Group, Inc. (“AIG”), which is a company registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission and is incorporated in the state of Delaware, USA.

These Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The Company consolidates in these Consolidated Financial Statements the results of operations and financial position of all voting interest entities (“VOE”) in which the Company has a controlling financial interest and all variable interest entities (“VIE”) in which the Company is considered to be the primary beneficiary. The consolidation assessment, including the determination as to whether an entity qualifies as a VIE or VOE, depends on the facts and circumstances surrounding each entity.

All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

The preparation of these Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. While the amounts included in the Consolidated Financial Statements reflect management’s best estimates and assumptions, actual results could differ materially from those estimates. The Company’s principal estimates include:

The term “ASC” used in these notes refers to Accounting Standard Codification issued by the United States Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”).

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The following is a summary of significant accounting policies adopted by the Company:

Premiums

Reinsurance contracts can be written on risks attaching or losses occurring basis. Under risks attaching reinsurance contracts, all claims from cedants’ underlying policies incepting and attaching during the reinsurance contract period are covered, even if they occur after the expiration date of the reinsurance contract and before the expiration date of the attaching policy. In contrast, losses occurring reinsurance contracts cover all claims occurring during the coverage period of the reinsurance contract, regardless of the inception dates of the underlying policies. Any claims occurring after the expiration of the losses occurring contract are not covered.

Reinsurance premiums written are recorded at the inception of the policy. Premiums are estimated based on information received from brokers, ceding companies and reinsureds, and any subsequent differences arising on such estimates are recorded in the periods in which they are determined.

Premiums written are earned on a pro-rated basis over the term of the related policy or contract. For losses occurring reinsurance contracts, the earnings period is generally the same as the term of the related contract or policy. For reinsurance contracts written on risks attaching basis, the earnings period is based on the terms of the underlying contracts and policies and is generally 24 months. The portion of the premiums written applicable to the unexpired terms of the underlying contracts and policies in force is recorded as unearned premiums.

Reinstatement premiums are recorded and earned at the time a loss event occurs and coverage limits for the remaining life of the contract are reinstated under predefined contract terms. The accrual of reinstatement premiums is based on our estimate of losses and loss expenses, which reflects management’s judgment, as described in “Reserve for losses and loss expenses” below.

Policy acquisition costs

Policy acquisition costs are costs that vary with, and are directly related to, the successful production of new and renewal business, and consist principally of commissions and brokerage expenses. These costs are deferred and amortized over the period in which the related premiums are earned. Acquisition costs are shown net of commissions earned on reinsurance ceded. However, if the sum of a contract’s expected losses and loss expenses and deferred acquisition costs exceeds related unearned premiums, a premium deficiency is determined to exist. In this event, deferred acquisition costs are immediately expensed to the extent necessary to eliminate the premium deficiency. If the premium deficiency exceeds deferred acquisition costs then a liability is accrued for the excess deficiency. There were no premium deficiency adjustments recognized during the periods presented herein.

Policy acquisition costs also include profit commissions, which are recognized on a basis consistent with our estimate of losses and loss expenses.

Reserve for losses and loss expenses

The reserve for losses and loss expenses includes reserves for unpaid reported losses (“case reserves”) and for losses incurred but not reported (“IBNR”). Case reserves are established by management based on reports from brokers, ceding companies and insureds and represents the unpaid portion of the estimated ultimate cost of events or conditions that have been reported to, or specifically identified by, the Company. IBNR reserves are established by management based on actuarially determined estimates of ultimate losses and loss expenses. Inherent in the estimate of ultimate losses and loss expenses are expected trends in claim severity and frequency and other factors, which may vary significantly as claims are settled.

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The period of time from the occurrence of a loss to the reporting of a loss to the Company and to the settlement of the Company’s liability may be several months or years. During this period, additional facts and trends may be revealed. Accordingly, losses and loss expenses ultimately paid may differ materially from the amounts recorded in the Consolidated Financial Statements. These estimates are reviewed regularly and, as experience develops and new information becomes known, the reserves are adjusted as necessary. These adjustments can result in an increase or decrease in ultimate losses, and at other times result in a reallocation between IBNR and specific case reserves. Adjustments to ultimate loss estimates, if any, are recorded in earnings in the period in which they become known. Prior period development arises from changes to these estimates recognized in the current year that relate to losses and loss expenses that were incurred in previous calendar years.

Although there is normally a lag in receiving reinsurance data from cedants, the Company currently has adequate procedures in place regarding the timeliness related to the processing of assumed reinsurance information and there is no significant backlog. The Company actively manages its relationships with brokers and clients and considers existing disputes with counterparties to be in the normal course of business.

Reinsurance

The Company enters into retrocession agreements in order to provide greater diversification of business and to mitigate its accumulation of loss, reduce its liability on individual risks, enable it to underwrite policies with higher limits and increase its aggregate capacity. Premiums ceded are recognized over the period of exposure to risk, with the unearned portion being deferred in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as Prepaid reinsurance premiums.

Loss reserves recoverable on unpaid losses represent amounts that will be collectible from reinsurers once the losses are paid. Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses represents amounts currently due from reinsurers. The recognition of reinsurance recoverable requires two key judgments: Firstly, the determination of gross assumed IBNR, and secondly the amount of gross IBNR that can be ceded to retrocessionaires based on the reinsurance agreements in place. The ceded IBNR is developed as part of the Company’s loss reserving process and consequently its estimation is subject to risks and uncertainties similar to the estimation of gross IBNR.

Retroactive reinsurance agreements are reinsurance agreements under which the reinsurer agrees to reimburse the Company for liabilities incurred as a result of past insurable events. For these agreements, the excess of the amounts collectible under the agreement over the premium paid is recognized as a deferred gain and is amortized into income over the settlement period of the ceded reserves. The amount of the deferred gain is adjusted each period based on loss payments and updated estimates. If the premium paid exceeds the ultimate losses collectible under the agreement, the net loss is recognized immediately in the Consolidated Statements of (Loss) Income and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

Funds withheld

The Company writes and cedes certain business on a funds withheld basis. Under these contractual arrangements, the Company and the cedants withhold premiums for the purpose of paying claims. The remaining net funds will be remitted to or paid by the Company after all policies have expired and all claims have been settled.

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Investments

The Company classifies its fixed maturity and short-term investments as trading and accounts for its other investments in accordance with ASC Topic 825, “Financial Instruments”. As such, all investments are carried at fair value. Investments in fixed maturity securities are recorded on a trade-date basis with balances pending settlement reflected as a receivable for investments sold or a payable for investments purchased.

Net investment income includes interest and dividend income along with amortization of premium or accretion of discount. Interest on fixed maturity securities is recorded in Net investment income when earned. Realized gains and losses on the sale of investments are determined on the basis of amortized cost.

For investments in certain structured securities, prepayment assumptions are evaluated and revised as necessary. Any adjustments required due to the resultant change in effective yields and maturities are recognized under the retrospective interest method. Prepayment fees or call premiums that are only payable to the Company when a security is called prior to its maturity are earned when received and reflected in Net investment income.

Short-term investments primarily comprise investments with a remaining maturity of less than one year at time of purchase and money market funds held at the Company’s investment managers.

Investments in operating affiliates in which the Company has significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Under this method, the Company records its proportionate share of income or loss from such investments in its results for the period. Due to a lag in reporting, the fund managers are unable to provide final investment statements as of the Company’s reporting date. In these circumstances, the Company estimates its proportionate share of income or loss from such investments by starting with the prior month’s investment statement, adjusting for capital calls, redemptions or distributions, and then estimating the return for the current period.

In circumstances in which the Company estimates the return for the current period, it uses all credible information available. This includes utilizing preliminary estimates reported by its fund managers, obtaining the valuation of underlying portfolio investments where such underlying investments are publicly traded and therefore have a readily observable price, using information that is available to the Company with respect to the underlying investments, reviewing various indices for similar investments or asset classes, as well as estimating returns based on the results of similar types of investments for which the Company has reported results, or other valuation methods, as necessary. Actual final fund valuations may differ materially from the Company’s estimates and these differences are recorded in the period they become known as a change in estimate.

Fair value of financial instruments

Fair value is defined as the price received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure”, provides a framework for measuring fair value by creating a hierarchy of fair value measurements that distinguishes market data between observable independent market inputs and unobservable market assumptions by the reporting entity. The guidance further expands disclosures about such fair value measurements. The guidance applies broadly to most existing accounting pronouncements that require or permit fair value measurements (including both financial and non-financial assets and liabilities) but does not require any new fair value measurements. The Company has adopted all authoritative guidance in effect as of the balance sheet date regarding certain market conditions that allow for fair value measurements that incorporate unobservable inputs where active market transaction-based measurements are unavailable.

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Derivative instruments

The Company enters into various derivative instruments in the form of foreign exchange contracts and commodity derivative instruments. Foreign exchange derivatives (principally foreign exchange forwards) are used to economically mitigate risk associated with exchange rate fluctuations on non-U.S. dollar foreign currency transactions and foreign currency denominated investments. Commodity derivatives are used to mitigate financial risk associated with certain agricultural insurance liabilities the Company assumes. The Company’s derivative financial instruments are recorded on a trade-date basis and carried at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The effect on earnings from recognizing the fair values of these derivative financial instruments depends on their intended use, their hedge designation, and their effectiveness in offsetting changes in the fair values of the exposures they are hedging.

Changes in the fair values of derivative instruments that are not designated as hedges are reported currently in earnings. Refer to Note 8, “Derivative instruments”, for further details.

Cash and cash equivalents

The Company considers time deposits and money market funds with an original maturity of one month or less as equivalent to cash.

Restricted cash

Restricted cash primarily relates to funds held in trust in support of collateralized reinsurance transactions.

Foreign exchange

The U.S. dollar is the functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries. For these companies, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are revalued at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and revenues and expenses denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the prevailing exchange rate on the transaction date with the resulting foreign exchange gains and losses included in earnings. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are revalued at the exchange rate in effect at the time of the underlying transaction.

Stock plans

AIG accounts for their stock plans in accordance with the ASC Topic 718, “Compensation – Stock Compensation”. Accordingly, AIG recognizes the compensation expense for stock option grants, restricted share grants and performance share grants based on the fair value of the award on the date of grant over the requisite service period, and allocates the expense to its subsidiaries, including the Company, based on the country of residence of employees. Under the AIG stock plan, the expense allocated to each subsidiary, including the Company, is settled in cash, payable to AIG upon the date of vest. The difference in share price between the fair value determined on the grant date and the cash settlement date is recognized in additional paid-in capital as a contribution or distribution to parent company.

For the awards granted under the AIG stock plan, no forfeiture rate is applied, and the compensation expense for forfeited awards is reversed on occurrence.

Income taxes and uncertain tax provisions

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded in accordance with ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes”. Consistent with ASC 740, the Company records deferred income taxes which reflect operating losses and tax credits carried forward and the tax effect of the temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and their respective tax bases.

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Income taxes and uncertain tax provisions (continued)

The Company and its Bermuda domiciled subsidiaries are not subject to any income, withholding or capital gains taxes under current Bermuda law. The Company has operating subsidiaries and branch offices in various other jurisdictions around the world, including but not limited to the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Singapore and Canada that are subject to relevant taxes in those jurisdictions.

The Company recognizes the tax benefits of uncertain tax positions only where the position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by tax authorities based upon the technical merits of the position. Based on the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the Company must presume that the tax position will be subject to examination by a taxing authority with full knowledge of all relevant information. If the recognition threshold is met, then the tax position is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company classifies all interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expenses.

Variable interest entities

The Company determines whether it has relationships with entities defined as VIEs in accordance with ASC Topic 810, “Consolidation”. A VIE is consolidated by the variable interest holder that is determined to be the primary beneficiary.

An entity in which the Company holds a variable interest is a VIE if any of the following conditions exist: (a) the total equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, (b) as a group, the holders of equity investment at risk lack either the direct or indirect ability through voting rights or similar rights to make decisions about an entity’s activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance or the obligation to absorb the expected losses or right to receive the expected residual returns, or (c) the voting rights of some investors are disproportionate to their obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity, their rights to receive the expected residual returns of the entity, or both and substantially all of the entity’s activities either involve or are conducted on behalf of an investor with disproportionately few voting rights.

The primary beneficiary is defined as the variable interest holder that is determined to have both (a) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and (b) the obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. At inception of the VIE, as well as following an event that requires reassessment, the Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary based on the facts and circumstances surrounding each entity.

Transfers of financial assets

The Company accounts for transfers of financial assets as sales when it has surrendered control over the related assets. Whether control has been relinquished requires, among other things, an evaluation of relevant legal considerations and an assessment of the nature and extent of the Company’s continuing involvement, if any, with the assets transferred. Gains and losses stemming from transfers of other investments accounted for as sales are included in “Net realized (losses) gains on investments” in the Consolidated Statements of (Loss) Income and Comprehensive (Loss) Income. Gains and losses stemming from transfers of investments in operating affiliates and structured notes receivable from AlphaCat ILS Fund accounted for as sales are included in “Income (loss) from operating affiliates” and “Income (loss) from structured notes receivable from AlphaCat ILS fund,” respectively. Assets obtained and liabilities incurred in connection with transfers reported as sales are initially recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value.

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Accounting standards adopted in 2022

Codification Improvements

In October 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-10, “Codification Improvements”. The amendments in this update improve the Codification by ensuring that all guidance that requires or provides an option for an entity to provide information in the notes to financial statements is codified in the Disclosure Section of the Codification.

The amendments in this update were effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021. The adoption of this update did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

Current expected credit loss model

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326)”. The FASB also issued ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05, ASU 2019-10, ASU 2019-11, and 2020-11 which provide certain clarifications and codification improvements to the initially issued standard update. The standard replaces the existing incurred loss impairment model with a new Current Expected Credit Loss model (“CECL”) with the intention of recognizing credit losses earlier. The standard applies to the Company’s financial assets not already carried at fair value, principally impacting investments in operating affiliates, premium receivable, loss reserves recoverable, paid loss recoverable, and loans measured at amortized cost. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, such as probability of default, and collectability of reported amounts in an event of default. ASU 2016-13 became effective for public business entities for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019. While the Company is not a public business entity, the standard has been early adopted. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or required disclosures and, as a result, there was no cumulative adjustment to opening retained earnings as of January 1, 2021.

Reference Rate Reform

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)”, that defers the timeline for applying the reference rate reform relief in ASC 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024 as the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority and the administrator of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) will continue to publish rates until June 30, 2023. The Company does not have material remaining LIBOR exposure and as such the adoption of the standard is not anticipated to have a material impact on the consolidated financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or required disclosures.

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Accounting standards not yet adopted

Fair value hedging: portfolio layer method

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-01, “Derivatives and Hedging: Fair Value Hedging – Portfolio Layer Method”. The amendments in this standard would:

The amendments in this standard are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those years. The Company does not expect the standard to have a material impact on reported consolidated financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or required disclosures.

Troubled debt restructurings and vintage disclosures

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326)”, which eliminates the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings for creditors and amends the guidance on “vintage disclosures” to require disclosure of current-period gross write-offs by year of origination. The standard also updates the requirements for accounting for credit losses by adding enhanced disclosures for creditors related to loan refinancings and restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.

As the Company has already adopted CECL, the amendments in this standard are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those years. The Company does not expect the standard to have a material impact on reported consolidated financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or required disclosures.

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Accounting standards not yet adopted (continued)

Fair value measurement of equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions”. The amendments in this Update clarify that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The amendments also clarify that an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction. The amendments in this Update also require the following disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions:

The amendments in this standard are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those years. The Company does not expect the standard to have a material impact on reported consolidated financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or required disclosures.

Leases under common control

In January 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-01, “Leases (Topic 842)”, which provides practical expedients for private companies and not-for-profits on the treatment of leases with entities under common control, it also provided incremental guidance on accounting for leasehold improvements for leases under common control. The amendments in this standard are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those years. While the Company does have certain lease arrangements with entities under common control, the Company does not expect the standard to have a material impact on reported consolidated financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or required disclosures.

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Fixed maturity investments

The amortized cost and fair value of the Company’s fixed maturity investments as at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

The following table summarizes the fair value of the Company’s fixed maturity investments by credit rating as issued by a recognized rating agency as at December 31, 2022 and 2021:

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Fixed maturity investments (continued)

The amortized cost and fair values for the Company’s fixed maturity investments held at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are shown below by contractual maturity. Actual maturity may differ from contractual maturity due to prepayment rights associated with certain investments.

Other investments

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company sold all of its other investments in hedge funds, private equity investments and fixed income investment funds to subsidiaries of AIG that are not subsidiaries of the Company. The Company received $277,456 in cash proceeds in exchange for the fair value of the transferred assets. The fair value of the transferred assets was based on the final net asset valuation (“NAV”) of the individual investments held by the Company as of the dates the investments were sold.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, net returns of $2,517 (2021: $86,212) were earned on other investments, with realized gains of $2,517 (2021: $138,855) as a result of their sale and are included in “Net realized (losses) gains on investments” reported in the Consolidated Statements of (Loss) Income and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

Net investment income

Net investment income during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was derived from the following sources:

Net investment income from other investments includes distributed and undistributed net income (loss) from certain private equity investments and fixed income investment funds.

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Net realized (losses) gains and net change in unrealized (losses) gains on investments

The following represents an analysis of net realized and net change in unrealized (losses) gains on investments for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

Pledged investments

As at December 31, 2022, the Company had $2,567,699 (December 31, 2021: $1,882,442) of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and fixed maturity investments that were pledged and held in trust during the normal course of business. Pledged assets are generally for the benefit of the Company’s cedants and policyholders to facilitate the accreditation of the Company, its Canada branch office, and its operating subsidiary, Validus Reinsurance (Switzerland) Ltd (“Validus Re Swiss”), as alien reinsurers by certain regulators. This is principally achieved via multi-beneficiary reinsurance trusts.

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Classification within the fair value hierarchy

Fair value is defined as the price to sell an asset or transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Under U.S. GAAP, a company must determine the appropriate level in the fair value hierarchy for each fair value measurement. The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs, which refer broadly to assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability, into three levels. It gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. The level in the fair value hierarchy within which a fair value measurement in its entirety falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.

The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:

Level 1 – Fair values are measured based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access.

Level 2 – Fair values are measured based on quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or for which significant inputs are observable (e.g., interest rates, yield curves, prepayment rates, default rates, loss severities, etc.), or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 – Fair values are measured based on unobservable inputs that reflect the Company’s own judgments about assumptions where there is little, if any, market activity for that asset or liability that market participants might use.

The availability of observable inputs can vary from financial instrument to financial instrument and is affected by a wide variety of factors including, for example, the type of financial instrument, whether the financial instrument is new and not yet established in the marketplace, and other characteristics particular to the instrument. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires significantly more judgment.

Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by management in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. In periods of market dislocation, the observability of prices and inputs may be reduced for many instruments. This may lead the Company to change the selection of the valuation technique (e.g., from market to cash flow approach) or to use multiple valuation techniques to estimate the fair value of a financial instrument. These circumstances could cause an instrument to be reclassified between levels within the fair value hierarchy.

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As at December 31, 2022, the Company’s investments were allocated between Levels 1, 2 and 3 as follows:

As at December 31, 2022, Level 3 investments totalled $44,220 (December 31, 2021: $96,528), representing 1.02% (December 31, 2021: 2.19%) of total investments.

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Valuation techniques

There have been no material changes in the Company’s valuation techniques during the periods presented in these Consolidated Financial Statements. The following methods and assumptions were used in estimating the fair value of each class of financial instrument recorded in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Fixed maturity investments

In general, valuation of the Company’s fixed maturity investment portfolio is provided by independent third party valuation service providers, such as index providers and pricing vendors, as well as broker quotations. The pricing vendors provide valuations for a high volume of liquid securities that are actively traded. For securities that do not trade on an exchange, the pricing services generally utilize market data and other observable inputs in matrix pricing models to determine month end prices. Prices are generally verified using third party data. Index providers generally utilize centralized trade reporting networks, available market makers and statistical techniques.

When independent third party valuation service providers are unable to obtain sufficient market observable information upon which to estimate the fair value for a particular security, fair value is determined either through a broker-dealer price quote or by employing market accepted valuation models. In general, broker-dealers value securities through their trading desks based on observable inputs. The methodologies include mapping securities based on trade data, bids or offers, observed spreads, and performance on newly issued securities. Broker-dealers also determine valuations by observing secondary trading of similar securities. Prices obtained from broker quotations are considered non-binding, however, they are based on observable inputs and by observing secondary trading of similar securities obtained from active, non-distressed markets. The techniques generally used to determine the fair value of the Company’s fixed maturity investments are detailed below by asset class.

U.S. government and government agency

U.S. government and government agency securities consist primarily of debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury and certain mortgage pass-through agencies. Fixed maturity investments included in U.S. government and government agency securities are primarily priced by pricing services. When evaluating these securities, the pricing services gather information from market sources and integrate other observations from markets and sector news. Evaluations are updated by obtaining broker dealer quotes and other market information including actual trade volumes, when available. The fair value of each security is individually computed using analytical models which incorporate option adjusted spreads and other daily interest rate data. On-the-Run U.S. Treasury issuances are considered Level 1 given the availability of quoted prices in active markets. Off-the-Run and other U.S. Treasuries are classified as Level 2 as the significant inputs used to price these securities are observable.

Non-U.S. government and government agency

Non-U.S. government and government agency securities consist of debt securities issued by non-U.S. governments and their agencies along with supranational organizations (also known as sovereign debt securities). Securities held in these sectors are primarily priced by pricing services who employ proprietary discounted cash flow models to value the securities. Key quantitative inputs for these models are daily observed benchmark curves for treasury, swap and high issuance credits. The pricing services then apply a credit spread for each security which is developed by in-depth and real time market analysis. For securities in which trade volume is low, the pricing services utilize data from more frequently traded securities with similar attributes. These models may also be supplemented by daily market and credit research for international markets. Bills, Bonds and Notes issued from Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom within one year of the balance sheet date are considered Level 1 given the availability of quoted prices in active markets. All other instruments are classified as Level 2 as the significant inputs used to price these securities are observable.

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U.S. states, municipalities and political subdivisions

The Company’s U.S. states, municipalities and political subdivisions portfolio contains debt securities issued by U.S. domiciled state and municipal entities. These securities are generally priced by independent pricing services using available market information such as yields and credit spreads. The availability of observable inputs used to price these securities is contingent on their respective maturity dates. As the significant inputs utilized to determine price are observable, the fair value of these investments are classified as Level 2.

Agency residential mortgage-backed securities

The Company’s agency residential mortgage-backed investments consist primarily of debt securities issued by mortgage-pass through agencies. These securities are primarily priced by pricing services using a mortgage pool specific model which utilizes daily inputs from the active to be announced market which is very liquid, as well as the U.S. Treasury market. The model also utilizes additional information, such as the weighted average maturity, weighted average coupon and other available pool level data which is provided by the sponsoring agency. Valuations are also corroborated with daily active market quotes. As securities with investment grade credit ratings utilize significant observable inputs to determine prices, the fair value of these investments are classified as Level 2. Securities below investment grade credit ratings, or where security holdings are backed by certain collateral types or are residual tranches, utilize an element of significant unobservable inputs, including credit spreads, default rates, prepayment rates, and default projections. Accordingly, the fair value of these investments are classified as Level 3.

Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities

The Company’s non-agency residential mortgage-backed investments include non-agency prime and sub-prime residential mortgage-backed fixed maturity investments. Securities held in these sectors are primarily priced by pricing services using an option adjusted spread model or discounted cash flow model, which principally utilize inputs including benchmark yields, available trade information or broker quotes, issuer spreads, prepayment and default projections. The pricing services also review collateral prepayment rates, loss severity and delinquencies among other collateral performance indicators for the securities valuation, when applicable. Where significant inputs used to price the securities are observable, the fair value of these investments are classified as Level 2. Where such information is unavailable, or the security credit rating is below AAA, significant unobservable inputs are used to price these securities, which may include constant prepayment rates, loss severity, default rates and yield, resulting in certain securities being classified as Level 3.

Corporate

Corporate debt securities consist primarily of investment-grade debt of a wide variety of corporate issuers and industries. The Company’s corporate fixed maturity investments are primarily priced by pricing services. When evaluating these securities, the pricing services gather information from market sources regarding the issuer of the security and obtain credit data, as well as other observations, from markets and sector news. Evaluations are updated by obtaining broker dealer quotes and other market information including actual trade volumes, when available. The pricing services also consider the specific terms and conditions of the securities, including any specific features which may influence risk. In certain instances, securities are individually evaluated using a spread which is added to the U.S. Treasury curve or a security specific swap curve as appropriate. As the significant inputs used to price these securities are observable, the fair value of these investments are classified as Level 2.

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Asset-backed securities

Asset backed securities include mostly investment-grade debt securities backed by pools of loans with a variety of underlying collateral, including automobile loan receivables, student loans, credit card receivables, and collateralized loan obligations originated by a variety of financial institutions. Securities held in these sectors are primarily priced by pricing services. The pricing services apply dealer quotes and other available trade information such as bids and offers, prepayment rates which may be adjusted for the underlying collateral or current price data, the U.S. Treasury curve and swap curve as well as cash settlement. The pricing services determine the expected cash flows for each security held in this sector using prepayment and default projections for the underlying collateral and current market data. In addition, a spread is applied to the relevant benchmark and used to discount the cash flows noted above to determine the fair value of the securities held in this sector. The fair value classification of asset-backed securities is based on a combination of collateral type, tranche type and rating, in addition to observable pricing inputs. As the significant inputs used to price the majority of these securities are observable, the fair value of these investments are classified as Level 2. Where such information is unavailable and pricing is sourced by a broker, or the security meets specific criteria, significant unobservable inputs are used to price these securities, which includes yield, resulting in certain securities classified as Level 3.

Commercial mortgage-backed securities

The Company’s commercial mortgage-backed securities consist of primarily investment grade debt securities. The pricing services apply dealer quotes and other available trade information such as bids and offers, prepayment rates which may be adjusted for the underlying collateral or current price data, the U.S. Treasury curve and swap curve as well as cash settlement. The pricing services determine the expected cash flows for each security held in this sector using historical prepayment and default projections for the underlying collateral and current market data. In addition, a spread is applied to the relevant benchmark and used to discount the cash flows noted above to determine the fair value of the securities held in this sector. As securities with investment grade credit ratings utilize significant observable inputs to determine prices, the fair value of these investments are classified as Level 2.

Short-term investments

Short-term investments consist primarily of highly liquid securities, all with maturities of less than one year from the date of purchase. The fair value of the portfolio is generally determined using amortized cost which approximates fair value. As the highly liquid money market-type funds are actively traded, the fair value of these investments are classified as Level 1.

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Level 3 investments

The following tables presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for all investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, transfers into Level 3 investments included investments in asset-backed securities. These transfers were primarily the result of limited market pricing information and decreases in investment credit rating relating to collateralized debt obligations that required management to determine fair value for these securities based on unobservable inputs.

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, transfers out of Level 3 investments included investments in asset-backed securities. These transfers were primarily the result of using pricing information that reflects the fair value of those securities based on observable inputs.

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Quantitative information about Level 3 investments

The following tables presents information about the significant unobservable inputs used for fair value measurements for certain Level 3 instruments as at December 31, 2022 and 2021:

The weighted average for fixed maturity securities is based on the estimated fair value of the Level 3 securities.

The table above includes only those instruments for which information about the inputs is reasonably available to the Company, such as data from independent third-party valuation service providers and from internal valuation models. Because input information from third parties with respect to certain Level 3 instruments are not available, balances shown in the table above do not represent the total amounts reported as Level 3 assets.

Financial instruments not carried at fair value

ASC Topic 825, “Financial Instruments” is applicable to disclosures of financial instruments not carried at fair value, except for certain financial instruments, including insurance contracts and investments in affiliates. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accrued investment income, other assets, other liabilities, and accounts payable and accrued expenses approximated their fair values at December 31, 2022 and 2021, due to their respective short maturities. As these financial instruments are not actively traded, their respective fair values are classified within Level 2.

As at December 31, 2022, the Company’s Senior notes payable were carried at cost, net of debt issuance costs of $2,719 (2021—$3,094). The fair value of the Senior notes payable was $244,920 (2021—$353,949). As the senior notes payable are not actively traded, their respective fair values are classified within Level 2.

As at December 31, 2022, the Company’s Balances due from affiliates is principally comprised of loans made to affiliated entities as further described in Note 17, “Related party transactions.” The fair value of the loans was $926,072 (2021—$986,572). As these Balances due from affiliates are not actively traded, their respective fair values are classified within Level 2.

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Investments in operating affiliates

AlphaCat sidecars

Beginning on May 25, 2011, the Company joined with other investors in capitalizing a series of reinsurance and investment entities, referred to as “sidecars”, for the purpose of investing in collateralized reinsurance and retrocessional contracts. Certain of these sidecars deployed their capital through transactions entered into by AlphaCat Reinsurance Ltd. (“AlphaCat Re”) and OmegaCat Reinsurance Ltd. (“OmegaCat Re”). Each of these entities returns capital once the risk period expires and all losses have been paid out. The AlphaCat sidecars are VIEs and the Company is not the primary beneficiary. Therefore, the Company’s investments in the sidecars have been treated as equity method investments. The Company’s maximum exposure to any of the sidecars is the amount of capital invested at any given time and any remaining capital commitments.

AlphaCat ILS funds

Beginning on December 17, 2012, the Company joined with other investors in capitalizing the AlphaCat ILS funds for the purpose of investing in instruments with returns linked to property catastrophe reinsurance, retrocession and insurance linked securities (“ILS”) contracts. The AlphaCat ILS funds have varying risk profiles and are categorized by the maximum permitted portfolio expected loss of the fund. The maximum permitted portfolio expected loss represents the average annual loss over the set of simulation scenarios divided by the total limit. Lower risk ILS funds are defined as having a maximum permitted portfolio expected loss of less than 7%, whereas higher risk ILS funds have a maximum permitted portfolio expected loss of 7% or greater. The AlphaCat ILS funds primarily deploy their capital through transactions entered into by AlphaCat Re or OmegaCat Re and AlphaCat Master Fund Ltd. The AlphaCat ILS funds are VIEs and the Company is not the primary beneficiary. Therefore, the Company’s investments in the funds have been treated as equity method investments.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company sold its ownership interest in certain AlphaCat ILS funds and certain structured notes receivable to subsidiaries of AIG. The Company surrendered control over the financial assets and has no continuing involvement with the transferred investments.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company received $92,947 and $10,000 in cash proceeds in exchange for the carrying value of its ownership interest in certain AlphaCat ILS funds and certain structured notes receivable, respectively. The value of the transferred assets was based on the final investment valuation statements established by the fund administrators. Ownership interest in AlphaCat ILS funds was transferred at the carrying value of the assets at the effective date and did not result in the recognition of net gains or losses on sale. The Company recognized net losses from the sale of structured notes of $337, which are included in Income (loss) from structured notes receivable from AlphaCat ILS fund reported in the Consolidated Statements of (Loss) Income and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.

The Company’s maximum exposure to any of the AlphaCat ILS funds is the amount of capital invested at any given time and any remaining capital commitments. Refer to Note 16, “Commitments and contingencies”, for further details.

AlphaCat Re

The Company utilized AlphaCat Re, a market facing entity, for the purpose of writing collateralized reinsurance on behalf of the AlphaCat sidecars and ILS funds (collectively the “Feeder Funds”) and direct third-party investors. All of the risks and rewards of the underlying transactions are allocated to the Feeder Funds and direct third-party investors using variable funding notes. AlphaCat Re is a VIE and the Company is not the primary beneficiary. Therefore, the Company’s investment in AlphaCat Re has been treated as an equity method investment.

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The following tables present a reconciliation of the beginning and ending investments in operating affiliates for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company saw a change to the maximum permitted portfolio expected loss to one of the AlphaCat ILS Funds. As a result of this risk profile change, this AlphaCat ILS Fund was transferred from lower risk to higher risk.

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The following tables present the Company’s Investments in operating affiliates as at December 31, 2022 and 2021: