Form: 8-K

Current report filing

January 30, 2024


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RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.
Contents
Page
Basis of Presentation
Financial Highlights
Summary Consolidated Financial Statements
a. Consolidated Statements of Operations
b. Consolidated Balance Sheets
Underwriting and Reserves
a. Consolidated Segment Underwriting Results
b. Consolidated and Segment Underwriting Results - Five Quarter Trend
c. Property Segment - Catastrophe and Other Property Underwriting Results
d. Gross Premiums Written
e. Net Premiums Written
f. Net Premiums Earned
g. Reserves for Claims and Claim Expenses
h. Paid to Incurred Analysis
Managed Joint Ventures and Fee Income
a. Fee Income
b. Fee income - Five Quarter Trend
c. Noncontrolling Interests
d. DaVinciRe Holdings Ltd. and Subsidiary Consolidated Statements of Operations
Investments
a. Total Investment Result
b. Investments Composition
c. Managed Investments - Credit Rating
d. Retained Investments - Credit Rating
Other Items
a. Earnings per Share
Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures
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RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.
Basis of Presentation

RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd. (the “Company” or “RenaissanceRe”) is a global provider of reinsurance and insurance that specializes in matching well-structured risks with efficient sources of capital. The Company provides property, casualty and specialty reinsurance and certain insurance solutions to customers, principally through intermediaries. Established in 1993, the Company has offices in Bermuda, Australia, Canada, Ireland, Singapore, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.

On November 1, 2023, the Company completed its acquisition (the “Validus Acquisition”) of Validus Holdings, Ltd. (“Validus Holdings”), Validus Specialty, LLC (“Validus Specialty”) and the renewal rights, records and customer relationships of the assumed treaty reinsurance business of Talbot Underwriting Limited from subsidiaries of American International Group, Inc.. Validus Holdings, Validus Specialty, and their respective subsidiaries collectively are referred to herein as “Validus.” The operating activities of Validus from the acquisition date, November 1, 2023, through December 31, 2023 are included in the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the three months and year ended December 31, 2023. As such, the results of operations for the three months and year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the three months and year ended December 31, 2022, should be viewed in that context. In addition, the results of operations for three months and year ended December 31, 2023 may not be reflective of the ongoing business of the combined entities. At December 31, 2023, the Company’s consolidated balance sheet reflects the combined entities.

This financial supplement includes certain financial measures that are not calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“GAAP”) including “operating income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders,” “operating income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share - diluted,” “operating return on average common equity - annualized,” “tangible book value per common share,” “tangible book value per common share plus accumulated dividends,” "adjusted combined ratio," “retained total investment result,” “retained investments, at fair value,” “retained investments, unrealized gain (loss)” and “operating (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests.” A reconciliation of such measures to the most comparable GAAP figures is presented in the attached supplemental financial data. See pages 28 through 38 for “Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

All information contained herein is unaudited. Unless otherwise noted, amounts are in thousands of United States Dollars, except for share and per share amounts and ratio information. Certain prior period comparatives have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. This supplement is being provided for informational purposes only. It should be read in conjunction with documents filed by RenaissanceRe with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, including its Annual Reports on Form 10-K and its Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. Please refer to the Company’s website at www.renre.com for further information about RenaissanceRe.
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Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
Any forward-looking statements made in this Financial Supplement reflect RenaissanceRe’s current views with respect to future events and financial performance and are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The Company may also make forward-looking statements with respect to its business and industry, such as those relating to its strategy and management objectives, plans and expectations regarding its response and ability to adapt to changing economic conditions, market standing and product volumes, estimates of net negative impact and insured losses from loss events, and the Validus Acquisition and its impact on the Company’s business, among other things. These statements are subject to numerous factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those addressed by such forward-looking statements, including the following: the Company’s exposure to natural and non-natural catastrophic events and circumstances and the variance it may cause in the Company’s financial results; the effect of climate change on the Company’s business, including the trend towards increasingly frequent and severe climate events; the effectiveness of the Company’s claims and claim expense reserving process; the effect of emerging claims and coverage issues; the performance of the Company’s investment portfolio and financial market volatility; the effects of inflation; the ability of the Company’s ceding companies and delegated authority counterparties to accurately assess the risks they underwrite; the Company’s ability to maintain its financial strength ratings; the Company’s reliance on a small number of brokers; the highly competitive nature of the Company’s industry; the historically cyclical nature of the (re)insurance industries;collection on claimed retrocessional coverage, and new retrocessional reinsurance being available on acceptable terms or at all; the Company’s ability to attract and retain key executives and employees; the Company’s ability to successfully implement its business strategies and initiatives; difficulties in integrating Validus; the Company’s exposure to credit loss from counterparties; the Company’s need to make many estimates and judgments in the preparation of its financial statements; the Company’s exposure to risks associated with its management of capital on behalf of investors in joint ventures or other entities it manages; changes to the accounting rules and regulatory systems applicable to the Company’s business, including changes in Bermuda and U.S. laws and regulations; the effect of current or future macroeconomic or geopolitical events or trends, including the ongoing conflicts between Russia and Ukraine, and Israel and Hamas; other political, regulatory or industry initiatives adversely impacting the Company; the Company’s ability to comply with covenants in its debt agreements; the effect of adverse economic factors, including changes in prevailing interest rates; the impact of cybersecurity risks, including technology breaches or failure; a contention by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service that any of the Company’s Bermuda subsidiaries are subject to taxation in the U.S.; the effects of new or possible future tax reform legislation and regulations in the jurisdictions in which the Company operates, including recent changes in Bermuda tax law; the Company’s ability to determine any impairments taken on its investments; the Company’s ability to raise capital on acceptable terms, including through debt instruments, the capital markets, and third party investments in the Company’s joint ventures and managed fund partners; the Company’s ability to comply with applicable sanctions and foreign corrupt practices laws; the Company’s dependence on capital distributions from its subsidiaries; and other factors affecting future results disclosed in RenaissanceRe’s filings with the SEC, including its Annual Reports on Form 10-K and Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.
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RenaissanceRe Holdings Ltd.
Financial Highlights
Three months ended Year ended
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders $ 1,576,682  $ 448,092  $ 2,525,757  $ (1,096,578)
Operating income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders (1)
$ 623,110  $ 322,135  $ 1,824,910  $ 322,791 
Underwriting income
Gross premiums written $ 1,802,041  $ 1,585,276  $ 8,862,366  $ 9,213,540 
Net premiums written 1,587,047  1,345,616  7,467,813  7,196,160 
Underwriting income (loss) 540,970  316,302  1,647,408  149,852 
Net claims and claim expense ratio:
Current accident year 50.5  % 60.2  % 53.9  % 72.4  %
Prior accident years (7.0) % (9.5) % (6.1) % (3.9) %
Calendar year 43.5  % 50.7  % 47.8  % 68.5  %
Acquisition expense ratio 26.5  % 25.4  % 25.1  % 24.8  %
Operating expense ratio 6.0  % 4.4  % 5.0  % 4.4  %
Combined ratio 76.0  % 80.5  % 77.9  % 97.7  %
Adjusted combined ratio (1)
73.6  % 80.6  % 77.1  % 97.5  %
Fee income
Management fee income $ 47,769  $ 25,984  $ 176,599  $ 108,902 
Performance fee income 23,014  4,363  60,195  9,777 
Total fee income $ 70,783  $ 30,347  $ 236,794  $ 118,679 
Investment results - managed
Net investment income $ 376,962  $ 211,237  $ 1,253,110  $ 559,932 
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments 585,939  168,139  414,522  (1,800,485)
Total investment result $ 962,901  $ 379,376  $ 1,667,632  $ (1,240,553)
Total investment return - annualized 15.2  % 7.4  % 6.9  % (5.7) %
Investment results - retained (1)
Net investment income $ 256,445  $ 143,944  $ 830,533  $ 391,707 
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments 490,387  128,966  285,765  (1,484,970)
Total investment result $ 746,832  $ 272,910  $ 1,116,298  $ (1,093,263)
Total investment return - annualized 16.5  % 7.8  % 6.5  % (7.7) %
(1)See “Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures.
                 
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Financial Highlights - Per Share Data & ROE
Three months ended Year ended
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share - basic $ 30.51  $ 10.30  $ 52.40  $ (25.50)
Net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share - diluted $ 30.43  $ 10.27  $ 52.27  $ (25.50)
Operating income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share - diluted (1)
$ 11.77  $ 7.33  $ 37.54  $ 7.47 
Average shares outstanding - basic 50,937  42,795  47,493  43,040 
Average shares outstanding - diluted 51,072  42,914  47,607  43,040 
Return on average common equity - annualized 83.5  % 41.2  % 40.5  % (22.0) %
Operating return on average common equity - annualized (1)
33.0  % 29.6  % 29.3  % 6.4  %
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Book value per common share $ 165.20  $ 104.65 
Tangible book value per common share (1)
$ 141.87  $ 97.15 
Tangible book value per common share plus accumulated dividends (1)
$ 168.39  $ 122.15 
Year to date change in book value per common share plus change in accumulated dividends 59.3  % (19.7) %
Year to date change in tangible book value per common share plus change in accumulated dividends (1)
47.6  % (20.8) %
(1)See “Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures.



                 
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Summary Consolidated Financial Statements
Consolidated Statements of Operations
Three months ended Year ended
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Revenues
Gross premiums written $ 1,802,041  $ 1,585,276  $ 8,862,366  $ 9,213,540 
Net premiums written $ 1,587,047  $ 1,345,616  $ 7,467,813  $ 7,196,160 
Decrease (increase) in unearned premiums 662,398  278,544  3,320  (862,171)
Net premiums earned 2,249,445  1,624,160  7,471,133  6,333,989 
Net investment income 376,962  211,237  1,253,110  559,932 
Net foreign exchange gains (losses) 12,398  10,781  (41,479) (56,909)
Equity in earnings (losses) of other ventures 15,402  8,517  43,474  11,249 
Other income (loss) 144  7,686  (6,152) 12,636 
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments 585,939  168,139  414,522  (1,800,485)
Total revenues 3,240,290  2,030,520  9,134,608  5,060,412 
Expenses
Net claims and claim expenses incurred 979,522  822,937  3,573,509  4,338,840 
Acquisition expenses 594,487  413,217  1,875,034  1,568,606 
Operational expenses 134,466  71,704  375,182  276,691 
Corporate expenses 74,285  11,537  127,642  46,775 
Interest expense 23,201  12,384  73,181  48,335 
Total expenses 1,805,961  1,331,779  6,024,548  6,279,247 
Income (loss) before taxes 1,434,329  698,741  3,110,060  (1,218,835)
Income tax benefit (expense) 554,206  (5,408) 510,067  59,019 
Net income (loss) 1,988,535  693,333  3,620,127  (1,159,816)
Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests (403,009) (236,397) (1,058,995) 98,613 
Net income (loss) attributable to RenaissanceRe 1,585,526  456,936  2,561,132  (1,061,203)
Dividends on preference shares (8,844) (8,844) (35,375) (35,375)
Net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders $ 1,576,682  $ 448,092  $ 2,525,757  $ (1,096,578)
Net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share - basic $ 30.51  $ 10.30  $ 52.40  $ (25.50)
Net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share - diluted $ 30.43  $ 10.27  $ 52.27  $ (25.50)
Operating income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share - diluted (1)
$ 11.77  $ 7.33  $ 37.54  $ 7.47 
Return on average common equity - annualized
83.5  % 41.2  % 40.5  % (22.0) %
Operating return on average common equity - annualized (1)
33.0  % 29.6  % 29.3  % 6.4  %
(1)See “Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures.
                 
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Summary Consolidated Financial Statements
Consolidated Balance Sheets
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Assets
Fixed maturity investments trading, at fair value – amortized cost $20,872,450 at December 31, 2023 (December 31, 2022 – $15,038,551)
$ 20,877,108  $ 14,351,402 
Short term investments, at fair value - amortized cost $4,603,340 at December 31, 2023 (December 31, 2022 - $4,671,581)
4,604,079  4,669,272 
Equity investments, at fair value 106,766  625,058 
Other investments, at fair value 3,515,566  2,494,954 
Investments in other ventures, under equity method 112,624  79,750 
Total investments 29,216,143  22,220,436 
Cash and cash equivalents 1,877,518  1,194,339 
Premiums receivable 7,280,682  5,139,471 
Prepaid reinsurance premiums 924,777  1,021,412 
Reinsurance recoverable 5,344,286  4,710,925 
Accrued investment income 205,713  121,501 
Deferred acquisition costs and value of business acquired
1,751,437  1,171,738 
Deferred tax asset
685,040  123,153 
Receivable for investments sold 622,197  350,526 
Other assets 323,960  261,549 
Goodwill and other intangibles 775,352  237,828 
Total assets $ 49,007,105  $ 36,552,878 
Liabilities, Noncontrolling Interests and Shareholders' Equity
Liabilities
Reserve for claims and claim expenses $ 20,486,869  $ 15,892,573 
Unearned premiums 6,136,135  4,559,107 
Debt 1,958,655  1,170,442 
Reinsurance balances payable 3,186,174  3,928,281 
Payable for investments purchased 661,611  493,776 
Other liabilities 1,021,872  648,036 
Total liabilities 33,451,316  26,692,215 
Redeemable noncontrolling interests 6,100,831  4,535,389 
Shareholders' Equity
Preference shares: $1.00 par value – 30,000 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 (December 31, 2022 – 30,000)
750,000  750,000 
Common shares: $1.00 par value – 52,693,887 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 (December 31, 2022 – 43,717,836)
52,694  43,718 
Additional paid-in capital 2,144,459  475,647 
Accumulated other comprehensive loss (14,211) (15,462)
Retained earnings 6,522,016  4,071,371 
Total shareholders' equity attributable to RenaissanceRe 9,454,958  5,325,274 
Total liabilities, noncontrolling interests and shareholders' equity $ 49,007,105  $ 36,552,878 
Book value per common share $ 165.20  $ 104.65 
                 
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Underwriting and Reserves
Consolidated Segment Underwriting Results
Three months ended December 31, 2023 Three months ended December 31, 2022
Property Casualty and Specialty Total Property Casualty and Specialty Total
Gross premiums written $ 344,597  $ 1,457,444  $ 1,802,041  $ 372,082  $ 1,213,194  $ 1,585,276 
Net premiums written $ 357,953  $ 1,229,094  $ 1,587,047  $ 372,998  $ 972,618  $ 1,345,616 
Net premiums earned $ 884,321  $ 1,365,124  $ 2,249,445  $ 688,238  $ 935,922  $ 1,624,160 
Net claims and claim expenses incurred 123,942  855,580  979,522  240,503  582,434  822,937 
Acquisition expenses 170,854  423,633  594,487  140,872  272,345  413,217 
Operational expenses 85,919  48,547  134,466  49,638  22,066  71,704 
Underwriting income (loss) $ 503,606  $ 37,364  $ 540,970  $ 257,225  $ 59,077  $ 316,302 
Net claims and claim expenses incurred:
Current accident year $ 275,638  $ 859,694  $ 1,135,332  $ 370,175  $ 607,648  $ 977,823 
Prior accident years (151,696) (4,114) (155,810) (129,672) (25,214) (154,886)
Total $ 123,942  $ 855,580  $ 979,522  $ 240,503  $ 582,434  $ 822,937 
Net claims and claim expense ratio:
Current accident year 31.2  % 63.0  % 50.5  % 53.8  % 64.9  % 60.2  %
Prior accident years (17.2) % (0.3) % (7.0) % (18.9) % (2.7) % (9.5) %
Calendar year 14.0  % 62.7  % 43.5  % 34.9  % 62.2  % 50.7  %
Acquisition expense ratio 19.4  % 31.0  % 26.5  % 20.5  % 29.1  % 25.4  %
Operating expense ratio 9.7  % 3.6  % 6.0  % 7.2  % 2.4  % 4.4  %
Combined ratio 43.1  % 97.3  % 76.0  % 62.6  % 93.7  % 80.5  %
Adjusted combined ratio (1) 41.7  % 94.3  % 73.6  % 62.2  % 94.0  % 80.6  %
(1)See “Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures.

                 
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Underwriting and Reserves
Consolidated Segment Underwriting Results
Year ended December 31, 2023 Year ended December 31, 2022
Property Casualty and Specialty Total Property Casualty and Specialty Total
Gross premiums written $ 3,562,414  $ 5,299,952  $ 8,862,366  $ 3,734,241  $ 5,479,299  $ 9,213,540 
Net premiums written $ 2,967,309  $ 4,500,504  $ 7,467,813  $ 2,847,659  $ 4,348,501  $ 7,196,160 
Net premiums earned $ 3,090,792  $ 4,380,341  $ 7,471,133  $ 2,770,227  $ 3,563,762  $ 6,333,989 
Net claims and claim expenses incurred 799,905  2,773,604  3,573,509  2,044,771  2,294,069  4,338,840 
Acquisition expenses 600,127  1,274,907  1,875,034  547,210  1,021,396  1,568,606 
Operational expenses 251,433  123,749  375,182  194,355  82,336  276,691 
Underwriting income (loss) $ 1,439,327  $ 208,081  $ 1,647,408  $ (16,109) $ 165,961  $ 149,852 
Net claims and claim expenses incurred:
Current accident year $ 1,208,810  $ 2,815,306  $ 4,024,116  $ 2,250,512  $ 2,335,910  $ 4,586,422 
Prior accident years (408,905) (41,702) (450,607) (205,741) (41,841) (247,582)
Total $ 799,905  $ 2,773,604  $ 3,573,509  $ 2,044,771  $ 2,294,069  $ 4,338,840 
Net claims and claim expense ratio:
Current accident year 39.1  % 64.3  % 53.9  % 81.2  % 65.5  % 72.4  %
Prior accident years (13.2) % (1.0) % (6.1) % (7.4) % (1.1) % (3.9) %
Calendar year 25.9  % 63.3  % 47.8  % 73.8  % 64.4  % 68.5  %
Acquisition expense ratio 19.4  % 29.1  % 25.1  % 19.8  % 28.6  % 24.8  %
Operating expense ratio 8.1  % 2.8  % 5.0  % 7.0  % 2.3  % 4.4  %
Combined ratio 53.4  % 95.2  % 77.9  % 100.6  % 95.3  % 97.7  %
Adjusted combined ratio (1) 52.9  % 94.2  % 77.1  % 100.4  % 95.3  % 97.5  %
(1)See “Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures.
                 
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Underwriting and Reserves
Consolidated Underwriting Results - Five Quarter Trend
Total
December 31,
2023
September 30,
2023
June 30,
2023
March 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Gross premiums written $ 1,802,041  $ 1,618,443  $ 2,651,621  $ 2,790,261  $ 1,585,276 
Net premiums written $ 1,587,047  $ 1,421,260  $ 2,195,803  $ 2,263,703  $ 1,345,616 
Net premiums earned $ 2,249,445  $ 1,755,876  $ 1,785,262  $ 1,680,550  $ 1,624,160 
Net claims and claim expenses incurred 979,522  861,576  931,211  801,200  822,937 
Acquisition expenses 594,487  425,745  422,545  432,257  413,217 
Operational expenses 134,466  82,751  80,491  77,474  71,704 
Underwriting income (loss) $ 540,970  $ 385,804  $ 351,015  $ 369,619  $ 316,302 
Net claims and claim expenses incurred:
Current accident year $ 1,135,332  $ 1,019,523  $ 963,309  $ 905,952  $ 977,823 
Prior accident years (155,810) (157,947) (32,098) (104,752) (154,886)
Total $ 979,522  $ 861,576  $ 931,211  $ 801,200  $ 822,937 
Net claims and claim expense ratio:
Current accident year 50.5  % 58.1  % 54.0  % 53.9  % 60.2  %
Prior accident years (7.0) % (9.0) % (1.8) % (6.2) % (9.5) %
Calendar year 43.5  % 49.1  % 52.2  % 47.7  % 50.7  %
Acquisition expense ratio 26.5  % 24.2  % 23.6  % 25.7  % 25.4  %
Operating expense ratio 6.0  % 4.7  % 4.5  % 4.6  % 4.4  %
Combined ratio 76.0  % 78.0  % 80.3  % 78.0  % 80.5  %














                 
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Underwriting and Reserves
Property Underwriting Results - Five Quarter Trend
Property
December 31,
2023
September 30,
2023
June 30,
2023
March 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Gross premiums written $ 344,597  $ 511,012  $ 1,402,606  $ 1,304,199  $ 372,082 
Net premiums written $ 357,953  $ 444,872  $ 1,144,655  $ 1,019,829  $ 372,998 
Net premiums earned $ 884,321  $ 760,365  $ 758,686  $ 687,420  $ 688,238 
Net claims and claim expenses incurred 123,942  206,361  281,993  187,609  240,503 
Acquisition expenses 170,854  143,348  140,606  145,319  140,872 
Operational expenses 85,919  54,624  55,077  55,813  49,638 
Underwriting income (loss) $ 503,606  $ 356,032  $ 281,010  $ 298,679  $ 257,225 
Net claims and claim expenses incurred:
Current accident year $ 275,638  $ 350,238  $ 313,632  $ 269,302  $ 370,175 
Prior accident years (151,696) (143,877) (31,639) (81,693) (129,672)
Total $ 123,942  $ 206,361  $ 281,993  $ 187,609  $ 240,503 
Net claims and claim expense ratio:
Current accident year 31.2  % 46.1  % 41.3  % 39.2  % 53.8  %
Prior accident years (17.2) % (19.0) % (4.1) % (11.9) % (18.9) %
Calendar year 14.0  % 27.1  % 37.2  % 27.3  % 34.9  %
Acquisition expense ratio 19.4  % 18.9  % 18.5  % 21.2  % 20.5  %
Operating expense ratio 9.7  % 7.2  % 7.3  % 8.1  % 7.2  %
Combined ratio 43.1  % 53.2  % 63.0  % 56.6  % 62.6  %

                 
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Underwriting and Reserves
Casualty and Specialty Underwriting Results - Five Quarter Trend
Casualty and Specialty
December 31,
2023
September 30,
2023
June 30,
2023
March 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Gross premiums written $ 1,457,444  $ 1,107,431  $ 1,249,015  $ 1,486,062  $ 1,213,194 
Net premiums written $ 1,229,094  $ 976,388  $ 1,051,148  $ 1,243,874  $ 972,618 
Net premiums earned $ 1,365,124  $ 995,511  $ 1,026,576  $ 993,130  $ 935,922 
Net claims and claim expenses incurred 855,580  655,215  649,218  613,591  582,434 
Acquisition expenses 423,633  282,397  281,939  286,938  272,345 
Operational expenses 48,547  28,127  25,414  21,661  22,066 
Underwriting income (loss) $ 37,364  $ 29,772  $ 70,005  $ 70,940  $ 59,077 
Net claims and claim expenses incurred:
Current accident year $ 859,694  $ 669,285  $ 649,677  $ 636,650  $ 607,648 
Prior accident years (4,114) (14,070) (459) (23,059) (25,214)
Total $ 855,580  $ 655,215  $ 649,218  $ 613,591  $ 582,434 
Net claims and claim expense ratio:
Current accident year 63.0  % 67.2  % 63.3  % 64.1  % 64.9  %
Prior accident years (0.3) % (1.4) % (0.1) % (2.3) % (2.7) %
Calendar year 62.7  % 65.8  % 63.2  % 61.8  % 62.2  %
Acquisition expense ratio 31.0  % 28.4  % 27.5  % 28.9  % 29.1  %
Operating expense ratio 3.6  % 2.8  % 2.5  % 2.2  % 2.4  %
Combined ratio 97.3  % 97.0  % 93.2  % 92.9  % 93.7  %










                 
9
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Underwriting and Reserves
Property Segment - Catastrophe and Other Property Underwriting Results
Three months ended December 31, 2023 Three months ended December 31, 2022
Catastrophe Other Property Total Catastrophe Other Property Total
Gross premiums written $ 55,068  $ 289,529  $ 344,597  $ (4,019) $ 376,101  $ 372,082 
Net premiums written $ 58,451  $ 299,502  $ 357,953  $ (3,158) $ 376,156  $ 372,998 
Net premiums earned $ 525,028  $ 359,293  $ 884,321  $ 295,362  $ 392,876  $ 688,238 
Net claims and claim expenses incurred (49,500) 173,442  123,942  (4,334) 244,837  240,503 
Acquisition expenses 72,605  98,249  170,854  38,944  101,928  140,872 
Operational expenses 70,463  15,456  85,919  39,694  9,944  49,638 
Underwriting income (loss) $ 431,460  $ 72,146  $ 503,606  $ 221,058  $ 36,167  $ 257,225 
Net claims and claim expenses incurred:
Current accident year $ 87,008  $ 188,630  $ 275,638  $ 122,759  $ 247,416  $ 370,175 
Prior accident years (136,508) (15,188) (151,696) (127,093) (2,579) (129,672)
Total $ (49,500) $ 173,442  $ 123,942  $ (4,334) $ 244,837  $ 240,503 
Net claims and claim expense ratio:
Current accident year 16.6  % 52.5  % 31.2  % 41.6  % 63.0  % 53.8  %
Prior accident years (26.0) % (4.2) % (17.2) % (43.1) % (0.7) % (18.9) %
Calendar year (9.4) % 48.3  % 14.0  % (1.5) % 62.3  % 34.9  %
Acquisition expense ratio 13.8  % 27.3  % 19.4  % 13.3  % 26.0  % 20.5  %
Operating expense ratio 13.4  % 4.3  % 9.7  % 13.4  % 2.5  % 7.2  %
Combined ratio 17.8  % 79.9  % 43.1  % 25.2  % 90.8  % 62.6  %
Adjusted combined ratio (1) 15.8  % 79.4  % 41.7  % 24.2  % 90.8  % 62.2  %
(1)See “Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures.
                 
10
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Underwriting and Reserves
Property Segment - Catastrophe and Other Property Underwriting Results
Year ended December 31, 2023 Year ended December 31, 2022
Catastrophe Other Property Total Catastrophe Other Property Total
Gross premiums written $ 2,146,323  $ 1,416,091  $ 3,562,414  $ 2,076,752  $ 1,657,489  $ 3,734,241 
Net premiums written $ 1,742,357  $ 1,224,952  $ 2,967,309  $ 1,421,398  $ 1,426,261  $ 2,847,659 
Net premiums earned $ 1,709,252  $ 1,381,540  $ 3,090,792  $ 1,360,878  $ 1,409,349  $ 2,770,227 
Net claims and claim expenses incurred 89,257  710,648  799,905  895,801  1,148,970  2,044,771 
Acquisition expenses 216,071  384,056  600,127  149,052  398,158  547,210 
Operational expenses 204,767  46,666  251,433  157,306  37,049  194,355 
Underwriting income (loss) $ 1,199,157  $ 240,170  $ 1,439,327  $ 158,719  $ (174,828) $ (16,109)
Net claims and claim expenses incurred:
Current accident year $ 410,180  $ 798,630  $ 1,208,810  $ 1,119,989  $ 1,130,523  $ 2,250,512 
Prior accident years (320,923) (87,982) (408,905) (224,188) 18,447  (205,741)
Total $ 89,257  $ 710,648  $ 799,905  $ 895,801  $ 1,148,970  $ 2,044,771 
Net claims and claim expense ratio:
Current accident year 24.0  % 57.8  % 39.1  % 82.3  % 80.2  % 81.2  %
Prior accident years (18.8) % (6.4) % (13.2) % (16.5) % 1.3  % (7.4) %
Calendar year 5.2  % 51.4  % 25.9  % 65.8  % 81.5  % 73.8  %
Acquisition expense ratio 12.6  % 27.8  % 19.4  % 10.9  % 28.3  % 19.8  %
Operating expense ratio 12.0  % 3.4  % 8.1  % 11.6  % 2.6  % 7.0  %
Combined ratio 29.8  % 82.6  % 53.4  % 88.3  % 112.4  % 100.6  %
Adjusted combined ratio (1) 29.1  % 82.4  % 52.9  % 87.9  % 112.4  % 100.4  %
(1)See “Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures.
                 
11
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Underwriting and Reserves
Gross Premiums Written
Three months ended Q/Q $ Change Q/Q % Change Year ended Y/Y $ Change Y/Y % Change
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Property Segment
Catastrophe $ 28,322  $ 10,993  $ 17,329  157.6  % $ 2,124,852  $ 1,840,502  $ 284,350  15.4  %
Catastrophe - gross reinstatement premiums 26,746  (15,012) 41,758  (278.2) % 21,471  236,250  (214,779) (90.9) %
Total catastrophe gross premiums written 55,068  (4,019) 59,087  (1470.2) % 2,146,323  2,076,752  69,571  3.3  %
Other property 295,344  366,796  (71,452) (19.5) % 1,420,842  1,641,246  (220,404) (13.4) %
Other property - gross reinstatement premiums (5,815) 9,305  (15,120) (162.5) % (4,751) 16,243  (20,994) (129.2) %
Total other property gross premiums written 289,529  376,101  (86,572) (23.0) % 1,416,091  1,657,489  (241,398) (14.6) %
Property segment gross premiums written $ 344,597  $ 372,082  $ (27,485) (7.4) % $ 3,562,414  $ 3,734,241  $ (171,827) (4.6) %
Casualty and Specialty Segment
General casualty (1)
$ 535,311  $ 359,901  $ 175,410  48.7  % $ 1,730,102  $ 1,560,594  $ 169,508  10.9  %
Professional liability (2)
240,597  349,925  (109,328) (31.2) % 1,212,393  1,728,570  (516,177) (29.9) %
Credit (3)
206,476  217,736  (11,260) (5.2) % 769,321  1,062,183  (292,862) (27.6) %
Other specialty (4)
475,060  285,632  189,428  66.3  % 1,588,136  1,127,952  460,184  40.8  %
Casualty and Specialty segment gross premiums written $ 1,457,444  $ 1,213,194  $ 244,250  20.1  % $ 5,299,952  $ 5,479,299  $ (179,347) (3.3) %
(1)
Includes automobile liability, casualty clash, employer’s liability, umbrella or excess casualty, workers’ compensation and general liability.
(2)
Includes directors and officers, medical malpractice, professional indemnity and transactional liability.
(3)
Includes financial guaranty, mortgage guaranty, political risk, surety and trade credit.
(4)
Includes accident and health, agriculture, aviation, cyber, energy, marine, satellite and terrorism. Lines of business such as regional multi-line and whole account may have characteristics of various other classes of business, and are allocated accordingly.
                 
12
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Underwriting and Reserves
Net Premiums Written
Three months ended Q/Q $ Change Q/Q % Change Year ended Y/Y $ Change Y/Y % Change
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Property Segment
Catastrophe $ 27,990  $ 10,115  $ 17,875  176.7  % $ 1,710,326  $ 1,209,072  $ 501,254  41.5  %
Catastrophe - net reinstatement premiums 30,461  (13,273) 43,734  (329.5) % 32,031  212,326  (180,295) (84.9) %
Total catastrophe net premiums written 58,451  (3,158) 61,609  (1950.9) % 1,742,357  1,421,398  320,959  22.6  %
Other property 303,037  366,604  (63,567) (17.3) % 1,220,807  1,442,166  (221,359) (15.3) %
Other property - net reinstatement premiums (3,535) 9,552  (13,087) (137.0) % 4,145  (15,905) 20,050  (126.1) %
Total other property net premiums written 299,502  376,156  (76,654) (20.4) % 1,224,952  1,426,261  (201,309) (14.1) %
Property segment net premiums written $ 357,953  $ 372,998  $ (15,045) (4.0) % $ 2,967,309  $ 2,847,659  $ 119,650  4.2  %
Casualty and Specialty Segment
General casualty (1)
$ 505,411  $ 301,799  $ 203,612  67.5  % $ 1,588,596  $ 1,304,156  $ 284,440  21.8  %
Professional liability (2)
215,486  276,390  (60,904) (22.0) % 1,045,262  1,362,595  (317,333) (23.3) %
Credit (3)
80,817  150,942  (70,125) (46.5) % 484,782  744,257  (259,475) (34.9) %
Other specialty (4)
427,380  243,487  183,893  75.5  % 1,381,864  937,493  444,371  47.4  %
Casualty and Specialty segment net premiums written $ 1,229,094  $ 972,618  $ 256,476  26.4  % $ 4,500,504  4,348,501  $ 152,003  3.5  %
(1)
Includes automobile liability, casualty clash, employer’s liability, umbrella or excess casualty, workers’ compensation and general liability.
(2)
Includes directors and officers, medical malpractice, professional indemnity and transactional liability.
(3)
Includes financial guaranty, mortgage guaranty, political risk, surety and trade credit.
(4)
Includes accident and health, agriculture, aviation, cyber, energy, marine, satellite and terrorism. Lines of business such as regional multi-line and whole account may have characteristics of various other classes of business, and are allocated accordingly.
                 
13
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Underwriting and Reserves
Net Premiums Earned
Three months ended Q/Q $ Change Q/Q % Change Year ended Y/Y $ Change Y/Y % Change
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Property Segment
Catastrophe $ 494,567  $ 308,635  $ 185,932  60.2  % $ 1,677,221  $ 1,148,552  $ 528,669  46.0  %
Catastrophe - net reinstatement premiums 30,461  (13,273) 43,734  (329.5) % 32,031  212,326  (180,295) (84.9) %
Total catastrophe net premiums earned 525,028  295,362  229,666  77.8  % 1,709,252  1,360,878  348,374  25.6  %
Other property 362,828  383,324  (20,496) (5.3) % 1,377,395  1,425,254  (47,859) (3.4) %
Other property - net reinstatement premiums (3,535) 9,552  (13,087) (137.0) % 4,145  (15,905) 20,050  (126.1) %
Total other property net premiums earned 359,293  392,876  (33,583) (8.5) % 1,381,540  1,409,349  (27,809) (2.0) %
Property segment net premiums earned $ 884,321  $ 688,238  $ 196,083  28.5  % $ 3,090,792  $ 2,770,227  $ 320,565  11.6  %
Casualty and Specialty Segment
General casualty (1)
$ 496,681  $ 319,592  $ 177,089  55.4  % $ 1,510,179  $ 1,210,937  $ 299,242  24.7  %
Professional liability (2)
266,674  275,650  (8,976) (3.3) % 1,107,941  1,142,943  (35,002) (3.1) %
Credit (3)
168,029  111,982  56,047  50.1  % 532,646  395,312  137,334  34.7  %
Other specialty (4)
433,740  228,698  205,042  89.7  % 1,229,575  814,570  415,005  50.9  %
Casualty and Specialty segment net premiums earned $ 1,365,124  $ 935,922  $ 429,202  45.9  % $ 4,380,341  $ 3,563,762  $ 816,579  22.9  %
(1)
Includes automobile liability, casualty clash, employer’s liability, umbrella or excess casualty, workers’ compensation and general liability.
(2)
Includes directors and officers, medical malpractice, professional indemnity and transactional liability.
(3)
Includes financial guaranty, mortgage guaranty, political risk, surety and trade credit.
(4)
Includes accident and health, agriculture, aviation, cyber, energy, marine, satellite and terrorism. Lines of business such as regional multi-line and whole account may have characteristics of various other classes of business, and are allocated accordingly.




                 
14
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Underwriting and Reserves
Reserves for Claims and Claim Expenses
Case Reserves Additional Case Reserves IBNR Total
December 31, 2023
Property $ 2,461,580  $ 1,459,010  $ 3,913,030  $ 7,833,620 
Casualty and Specialty 2,801,016  203,560  9,648,673  12,653,249 
Total (1)
$ 5,262,596  $ 1,662,570  $ 13,561,703  $ 20,486,869 
December 31, 2022
Property $ 1,956,688  $ 2,008,891  $ 3,570,253  $ 7,535,832 
Casualty and Specialty 1,864,365  167,993  6,324,383  8,356,741 
Total $ 3,821,053  $ 2,176,884  $ 9,894,636  $ 15,892,573 
(1)Included in the Company’s reserves for claims and claim expenses balance at December 31, 2023 is $4.5 billion of gross reserves for claims and claim expenses, at fair value, acquired as a result of the Validus acquisition.
                 
15
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Underwriting and Reserves
Paid to Incurred Analysis
Three months ended December 31, 2023 Three months ended December 31, 2022
Gross Recoveries Net Gross Recoveries Net
Reserve for claims and claim expenses, beginning of period $ 15,955,165  $ 4,253,259  $ 11,701,906  $ 15,662,955  $ 4,969,244  $ 10,693,711 
Incurred claims and claim expenses
Current year 1,298,905  163,573  1,135,332  1,184,438  206,615  977,823 
Prior years (191,772) (35,962) (155,810) (246,611) (91,725) (154,886)
Total incurred claims and claim expenses 1,107,133  127,611  979,522  937,827  114,890  822,937 
Paid claims and claim expenses
Current year 202,466  18,828  183,638  299,294  294,667  4,627 
Prior years 961,761  211,576  750,185  584,126  114,832  469,294 
Total paid claims and claim expenses 1,164,227  230,404  933,823  883,420  409,499  473,921 
Foreign exchange (1)
133,578  58,802  74,776  175,211  36,290  138,921 
Amounts acquired (2)
4,455,220  1,135,018  3,320,202  —  —  — 
Reserve for claims and claim expenses, end of period $ 20,486,869  $ 5,344,286  $ 15,142,583  $ 15,892,573  $ 4,710,925  $ 11,181,648 
Year ended December 31, 2023 Year ended December 31, 2022
Gross Recoveries Net Gross Recoveries Net
Reserve for claims and claim expenses, beginning of period $ 15,892,573  $ 4,710,925  $ 11,181,648  $ 13,294,630  $ 4,268,669  $ 9,025,961 
Incurred claims and claim expenses
Current year 4,633,626  609,510  4,024,116  6,283,930  1,697,508  4,586,422 
Prior years (683,264) (232,657) (450,607) (432,790) (185,208) (247,582)
Total incurred claims and claim expenses 3,950,362  376,853  3,573,509  5,851,140  1,512,300  4,338,840 
Paid claims and claim expenses
Current year 412,404  47,611  364,793  417,906  312,021  105,885 
Prior years 3,532,307  901,422  2,630,885  2,661,710  737,439  1,924,271 
Total paid claims and claim expenses 3,944,711  949,033  2,995,678  3,079,616  1,049,460  2,030,156 
Foreign exchange (1)
133,425  70,523  62,902  (173,581) (20,584) (152,997)
Amounts acquired (2)
4,455,220  1,135,018  3,320,202  —  —  — 
Reserve for claims and claim expenses, end of period $ 20,486,869  $ 5,344,286  $ 15,142,583  $ 15,892,573  $ 4,710,925  $ 11,181,648 
(1)    Reflects the impact of the foreign exchange revaluation of the reserve for claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance recoverable, denominated in non-U.S. dollars as at the balance sheet date.
(2)    Represents the fair value of Validus’ reserves for claims and claim expenses, net of reinsurance recoverables, acquired on November 1, 2023.
                 
16
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Managed Joint Ventures and Fee Income
Fee Income
The table below reflects the total fee income earned through third-party capital management as well as various joint ventures and certain structured retrocession agreements to which the Company is a party. Joint ventures include DaVinciRe Holdings Ltd. (“DaVinci”), Top Layer Reinsurance Ltd., Vermeer Reinsurance Ltd. (“Vermeer”), Fontana Holdings L.P. and its subsidiaries (“Fontana”), and certain entities investing in Langhorne Holdings LLC. Managed funds include RenaissanceRe Upsilon Fund Ltd. ("Upsilon Fund") and RenaissanceRe Medici Fund Ltd. (“Medici”), as well as fee income earned by AlphaCat Managers Ltd. ("AlphaCat Managers"). Structured reinsurance products and other include certain reinsurance contracts which transfer risk to capital.
Three months ended Year ended
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Management fee income
Joint ventures $ 32,700  $ 13,377  $ 122,474  $ 56,746 
Structured reinsurance products and other 7,078  6,342  27,754  26,592 
Managed funds 7,991  6,265  26,371  25,564 
Total management fee income 47,769  25,984  176,599  108,902 
Performance fee income (loss)
Joint ventures 18,617  1,505  50,656  4,354 
Structured reinsurance products and other 4,170  2,391  8,582  4,451 
Managed funds 227  467  957  972 
Total performance fee income (loss) (1)
23,014  4,363  60,195  9,777 
Total fee income $ 70,783  $ 30,347  $ 236,794  $ 118,679 
(1)Performance fees are based on the performance of the individual vehicles or products, and may be negative in a particular period if, for example, large losses occur, which can potentially result in no performance fees or the reversal of previously accrued performance fees.

The table below shows how the total fee income described above contributes to the Company’s consolidated results of operations.
Three months ended Year ended
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Fee income contributing to:
Underwriting income (loss) (1)
$ 6,234  $ 13,668  $ 34,432  $ 49,946 
Earnings from equity method investments (2)
(419) 25  (1,423) 94 
Redeemable noncontrolling interests (3)
64,968  16,654  203,785  68,639 
Total fee income $ 70,783  $ 30,347  $ 236,794  $ 118,679 
(1)The fees recorded through underwriting income (loss) are recorded as a reduction (increase) to operating expenses or acquisition expenses.
(2)The fees reflected as earnings from equity method investments are recorded through equity in earnings (losses) of other ventures.
(3)The fee income reflected as redeemable noncontrolling interest is recorded through net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest. A positive number represents the fee income earned from third-party investors in the Company’s Consolidated Managed Joint Ventures (as defined herein). Conversely, a negative number represents a reduction in fee income earned from third-party investors in the Company’s Consolidated Managed Joint Ventures.
                 
17
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Managed Joint Ventures and Fee Income
Fee Income - Five Quarter Trend
The table below reflects the total fee income earned through third-party capital management as well as various joint ventures and certain structured retrocession agreements to which the Company is a party. Joint ventures include DaVinci, Top Layer Reinsurance Ltd., Vermeer, Fontana, and certain entities investing in Langhorne Holdings LLC. Managed funds include Upsilon Fund and Medici. as well as fee income earned by AlphaCat Managers. Structured reinsurance products and other include certain reinsurance contracts which transfer risk to capital.
Three months ended
December 31,
2023
September 30,
2023
June 30,
2023
March 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Management fee income
Joint ventures $ 32,700  $ 31,463  $ 30,313  $ 27,998  $ 13,377 
Structured reinsurance products and other 7,078  7,053  6,985  6,638  6,342 
Managed funds 7,991  5,970  6,141  6,269  6,265 
Total management fee income 47,769  44,486  43,439  40,905  25,984 
Performance fee income (loss)
Joint ventures 18,617  17,152  13,132  1,755  1,505 
Structured reinsurance products and other 4,170  2,854  (197) 1,755  2,391 
Managed funds 227  66  307  357  467 
Total performance fee income (loss) (1)
23,014  20,072  13,242  3,867  4,363 
Total fee income $ 70,783  $ 64,558  $ 56,681  $ 44,772  $ 30,347 
(1)Performance fees are based on the performance of the individual vehicles or products, and may be negative in a particular period if, for example, large losses occur, which can potentially result in no performance fees or the reversal of previously accrued performance fees.

The table below shows how the total fee income described above contributes to the Company’s consolidated results of operations.
Three months ended
December 31,
2023
September 30,
2023
June 30,
2023
March 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Fee income contributing to:
Underwriting income (loss) (1)
$ 6,234  $ 6,873  $ 8,184  $ 13,141  $ 13,668 
Earnings from equity method investments (2)
(419) (446) (417) (141) 25 
Redeemable noncontrolling interests (3)
64,968  58,131  48,914  31,772  16,654 
Total fee income $ 70,783  $ 64,558  $ 56,681  $ 44,772  $ 30,347 
(1)The fees recorded through underwriting income (loss) are recorded as a reduction (increase) to operating expenses or acquisition expenses.
(2)The fees reflected as earnings from equity method investments are recorded through equity in earnings (losses) of other ventures.
(3)The fee income reflected as redeemable noncontrolling interest is recorded through net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest. A positive number represents the fee income earned from third-party investors in the Company’s Consolidated Managed Joint Ventures (as defined herein). Conversely, a negative number represents a reduction in fee income earned from third-party investors in the Company’s Consolidated Managed Joint Ventures.
                 
18
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Managed Joint Ventures and Fee Income
Noncontrolling Interests
The Company consolidates the results of certain of its joint ventures and managed capital vehicles, namely, DaVinci, Medici, Vermeer and Fontana (collectively, the “Consolidated Managed Joint Ventures”), on its consolidated balance sheets and statements of operations. Redeemable noncontrolling interests on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets represents the portion of the net assets of the Consolidated Managed Joint Ventures attributable to third-party investors in these Consolidated Managed Joint Ventures. Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations represents the portion of the (income) loss associated with the Consolidated Managed Joint Ventures included on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations that is allocated to third-party investors in these Consolidated Managed Joint Ventures.

A summary of the redeemable noncontrolling interests on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations is set forth below:
Three months ended Year ended
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Redeemable noncontrolling interests - DaVinci $ (212,322) $ (120,178) $ (545,812) $ 65,514 
Redeemable noncontrolling interests - Medici (71,969) (69,131) (239,250) 70,504 
Redeemable noncontrolling interests - Vermeer (87,930) (40,587) (239,457) (43,058)
Redeemable noncontrolling interests - Fontana (30,788) (6,501) (34,476) 5,653 
Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests (1)
$ (403,009) $ (236,397) $ (1,058,995) $ 98,613 

Three months ended Year ended
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Operating (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests (2)
$ (298,318) $ (207,176) $ (1,039,466) $ (133,163)
Non-operating (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests (104,691) (29,221) (19,529) 231,776 
Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests (1)
$ (403,009) $ (236,397) $ (1,058,995) $ 98,613 
(1)A negative number in the tables above represents net income earned by the Consolidated Managed Joint Ventures allocated to third-party investors. Conversely, a positive number represents net losses incurred by the Consolidated Managed Joint Ventures allocated to third-party investors.
(2)See “Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures.






                 
19
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Managed Joint Ventures and Fee Income
Noncontrolling Interests
A summary of the redeemable noncontrolling interests on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet is set forth below:
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Redeemable noncontrolling interests - DaVinci $ 2,541,482  $ 1,740,300 
Redeemable noncontrolling interests - Medici 1,650,229  1,036,218 
Redeemable noncontrolling interests - Vermeer 1,555,297  1,490,840 
Redeemable noncontrolling interests - Fontana 353,823  268,031 
Redeemable noncontrolling interests $ 6,100,831  $ 4,535,389 


A summary of the redeemable noncontrolling economic ownership of third parties in the Company’s Consolidated Managed Joint Ventures is set forth below:
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
DaVinci 72.2  % 69.1  %
Medici 88.3  % 87.2  %
Vermeer 100.0  % 100.0  %
Fontana 68.4  % 68.4  %
                 
20
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Managed Joint Ventures and Fee Income
DaVinciRe Holdings Ltd. and Subsidiary Consolidated Statements of Operations
Three months ended Year ended
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Revenues
Gross premiums written $ 35,895  $ 943  $ 1,127,745  $ 915,064 
Net premiums written $ 39,438  $ 1,632  $ 1,051,900  $ 845,742 
Decrease (increase) in unearned premiums 234,572  177,121  (64,495) (31,289)
Net premiums earned 274,010  178,753  987,405  814,453 
Net investment income 58,219  36,844  205,459  88,821 
Net foreign exchange gains (losses) (1,355) (3,157) (4,277) 2,005 
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments 95,875  14,188  38,051  (278,189)
Total revenues 426,749  226,628  1,226,638  627,090 
Expenses
Net claims and claim expenses incurred 29,398  17,629  147,243  570,545 
Acquisition expenses 67,406  23,876  201,643  86,525 
Operational and corporate expenses 31,309  9,389  117,965  53,732 
Interest expense 1,859  1,859  7,434  7,434 
Total expenses 129,972  52,753  474,285  718,236 
Income (loss) before taxes 296,777  173,875  752,353  (91,146)
Income tax benefit (expense) (3,031) 14  (6,280)
Net income (loss) available (attributable) to DaVinci common shareholders $ 293,746  $ 173,889  $ 746,073  $ (91,137)
Net claims and claim expenses incurred - current accident year
$ 52,758  $ 82,082  $ 261,861  $ 697,746 
Net claims and claim expenses incurred - prior accident years
(23,360) (64,453) (114,618) (127,201)
Net claims and claim expenses incurred - total
$ 29,398  $ 17,629  $ 147,243  $ 570,545 
Net claims and claim expense ratio - current accident year
19.3  % 45.9  % 26.5  % 85.7  %
Net claims and claim expense ratio - prior accident years
(8.6) % (36.0) % (11.6) % (15.6) %
Net claims and claim expense ratio - calendar year
10.7  % 9.9  % 14.9  % 70.1  %
Underwriting expense ratio
36.1  % 18.6  % 32.4  % 17.2  %
Combined ratio
46.8  % 28.5  % 47.3  % 87.3  %
                 
21
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Investments
Total Investment Result
Managed (1)
Retained (2)
Three months ended Three months ended
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Fixed maturity investments trading
$ 230,437  $ 136,019  $ 187,760  $ 109,600 
Short term investments
63,400  23,908  35,113  8,850 
Equity investments 586  7,474  586  7,474 
Other investments
Catastrophe bonds 57,636  31,441  7,021  4,693 
Other 21,874  13,793  21,874  13,793 
Cash and cash equivalents
10,114  3,947  9,833  3,640 
384,047  216,582  262,187  148,050 
Investment expenses
(7,085) (5,345) (5,742) (4,106)
Net investment income $ 376,962  $ 211,237  $ 256,445  $ 143,944 
Net investment income return - annualized 5.7  % 4.1  % 5.3  % 4.1  %
Net realized gains (losses) on fixed maturity investments trading $ (92,952) $ (110,762) $ (87,840) $ (87,817)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity investments trading 671,088  187,900  570,440  149,844 
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investment-related derivatives
(45,977) (3,347) (39,745) (1,321)
Net realized gains (losses) on equity investments 11  4,397  11  4,397 
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity investments 11,204  55,251  11,229  55,356 
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on other investments - catastrophe bonds 7,111  29,578  838  3,385 
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on other investments - other 35,454  5,122  35,454  5,122 
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments 585,939  168,139  490,387  128,966 
Total investment result
$ 962,901  $ 379,376  $ 746,832  $ 272,910 
Average invested assets $ 27,591,391  $ 21,556,792  $ 19,205,096  $ 14,326,726 
Total investment return - annualized
15.2  % 7.4  % 16.5  % 7.8  %
(1)Managed represents the consolidated total investment result, which is comprised of net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments as presented on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
(2)Retained represents the consolidated total investment result, less the portions attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and third-party investors in certain joint ventures and managed funds. See “Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures.
                 
22
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Investments
Total Investment Result
Managed (1)
Retained (2)
Year ended Year ended
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Fixed maturity investments trading
$ 744,457  $ 382,165  $ 593,886  $ 315,894 
Short term investments
213,303  41,042  111,977  15,686 
Equity investments 7,261  20,864  7,261  20,864 
Other investments
Catastrophe bonds 200,572  94,784  26,202  14,072 
Other 87,296  37,497  87,296  37,497 
Cash and cash equivalents
23,123  5,197  22,077  4,777 
1,276,012  581,549  848,699  408,790 
Investment expenses
(22,902) (21,617) (18,166) (17,083)
Net investment income $ 1,253,110  $ 559,932  $ 830,533  $ 391,707 
Net investment income return - annualized 5.3  % 2.7  % 4.9  % 2.8  %
Net realized gains (losses) on fixed maturity investments trading $ (393,041) $ (732,561) $ (337,981) $ (600,400)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity investments trading 685,095  (636,762) 588,764  (566,272)
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investment-related derivatives
(68,272) (165,293) (66,118) (164,838)
Net realized gains (losses) on equity investments (27,492) 43,035  (27,492) 43,035 
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity investments 73,243  (166,823) 73,271  (166,720)
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on other investments - catastrophe bonds 101,897  (130,335) 12,229  (18,029)
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on other investments - other 43,092  (11,746) 43,092  (11,746)
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments 414,522  (1,800,485) 285,765  (1,484,970)
Total investment result
$ 1,667,632  $ (1,240,553) $ 1,116,298  $ (1,093,263)
Average invested assets $ 25,229,892  $ 21,201,054  $ 17,120,684  $ 14,230,698 
Total investment return - annualized
6.9  % (5.7) % 6.5  % (7.7) %
(1)“Managed” represents the consolidated total investment result, which is comprised of net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments as presented on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
(2)“Retained” represents the consolidated total investment result, less the portions attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and third-party investors in certain joint ventures and managed funds. See “Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures.
                 
23
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Investments
Investments Composition
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Managed (1)
Retained (2)
Managed (1)
Retained (2)
Type of Investment Fair value Unrealized gain (loss) Fair value Unrealized gain (loss) Fair value Unrealized gain (loss) Fair value Unrealized gain (loss)
Fixed maturity investments trading, at fair value
U.S. treasuries $ 10,060,203  $ 66,743  $ 8,013,451  $ 49,476  $ 7,180,129  $ (186,451) $ 5,772,302  $ (168,146)
Corporate (3)
6,499,075  (41,016) 5,340,330  (54,622) 4,390,568  (331,461) 3,392,129  (300,245)
Other (4)
4,317,830  (21,069) 3,738,758  (4,321) 2,780,705  (169,237) 2,339,897  (140,789)
Total fixed maturity investments trading, at fair value 20,877,108  4,658  17,092,539  (9,467) 14,351,402  (687,149) 11,504,328  (609,180)
Short term investments, at fair value 4,604,079  739  1,624,407  718  4,669,272  (2,309) 1,131,408  (817)
Equity investments, at fair value 106,766  62,660  106,562  62,673  625,058  (10,590) 624,870  (10,600)
Other investments, at fair value
Catastrophe bonds 1,942,199  (76,684) 250,384  (36,995) 1,241,468  (182,798) 209,114  (51,841)
Fund investments 1,415,804  184,744  1,415,804  184,744  1,086,706  111,423  1,086,706  111,423 
Term loans 97,658  —  97,658  —  100,000  —  100,000  — 
Direct private equity investments 59,905  (38,359) 59,905  (38,359) 66,780  (31,484) 66,780  (31,484)
Total other investments, at fair value 3,515,566  69,701  1,823,751  109,390  2,494,954  (102,859) 1,462,600  28,098 
Investments in other ventures, under equity method 112,624  —  112,624  —  79,750  —  79,750  — 
Total investments $ 29,216,143  $ 137,758  $ 20,759,883  $ 163,314  $ 22,220,436  $ (802,907) $ 14,802,956  $ (592,499)

December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Managed (1)
Retained (2)
Managed (1)
Retained (2)
Weighted average yield to maturity of investments (5)
5.8  % 5.4  % 5.7  % 5.6  %
Average duration of investments, in years (5)
2.6  3.2  2.5  3.2 
Unrealized gain (loss) on total fixed maturity investments trading, at fair value, per common share (6)
$ (0.18) $ (13.93)
(1)“Managed” represents the consolidated total investments as presented on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
(2)“Retained” represents the consolidated total investments, less the portions attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and third-party investors in certain joint ventures and managed funds. See “Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures.
(3)Corporate fixed maturity investments include non-U.S. government-backed corporate fixed maturity investments.
(4)Includes agencies, non-U.S. government, residential mortgage-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities within the Company's fixed maturity investments trading portfolio.
(5)Excludes equity investments, at fair value, direct private equity investments, private equity funds and investments in other ventures, under equity method as these investments have no final maturity, yield to maturity or duration.
(6)Represents the impact to book value per common share of the unrealized gain (loss) on total fixed maturity investments trading, at fair value. See "Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures" for reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures.
                 
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Investments
Managed Investments - Credit Rating (1)
Credit Rating (2)
Investments not subject to credit ratings
December 31, 2023 Fair value AAA AA A BBB Non-
Investment
grade
Not rated
Fixed maturity investments trading, at fair value
U.S. treasuries $ 10,060,203  $ —  $ 10,060,203  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ — 
Corporate (3)
6,499,075  161,076  395,251  2,340,818  2,494,723  1,097,461  9,746  — 
Agencies 489,117  —  488,217  —  —  —  900  — 
Non-U.S. government 483,576  305,635  159,461  12,866  5,614  —  —  — 
Residential mortgage-backed 1,420,362  208,069  1,051,075  1,042  8,267  82,880  69,029  — 
Commercial mortgage-backed 433,080  381,613  42,459  4,222  —  1,240  3,546  — 
Asset-backed 1,491,695  1,125,320  246,742  93,268  15,901  864  9,600  — 
Total fixed maturity investments trading, at fair value 20,877,108  2,181,713  12,443,408  2,452,216  2,524,505  1,182,445  92,821   
Short term investments, at fair value 4,604,079  4,258,276  155,789  106,876  76,067  2,480  4,591   
Equity investments, at fair value 106,766              106,766 
Other investments, at fair value
Catastrophe bonds 1,942,199  —  —  —  —  1,942,199  —  — 
Fund investments:
Private credit funds 982,016  —  —  —  —  —  —  982,016 
Private equity funds 433,788  —  —  —  —  —  —  433,788 
Term loans 97,658  —  —  97,658  —  —  —  — 
Direct private equity investments 59,905  —  —  —  —  —  —  59,905 
Total other investments, at fair value 3,515,566      97,658    1,942,199    1,475,709 
Investments in other ventures, under equity method 112,624              112,624 
Total investments $ 29,216,143  $ 6,439,989  $ 12,599,197  $ 2,656,750  $ 2,600,572  $ 3,127,124  $ 97,412  $ 1,695,099 
100.0  % 22.0  % 43.1  % 9.1  % 8.9  % 10.7  % 0.3  % 5.8  %
(1)“Managed” represents the consolidated total investments as presented on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
(2)The credit ratings included in this table are those assigned by Standard & Poor’s Corporation (“S&P”). When ratings provided by S&P were not available, ratings from other recognized rating agencies were used. The Company has grouped short term investments with an A-1+ and A-1 short term issue credit rating as AAA, short term investments with an A-2 short term issue credit rating as AA and short term investments with an A-3 short term issue credit rating as A.
(3)Corporate fixed maturity investments include non-U.S. government-backed corporate fixed maturity investments.
                 
25
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Investments
Retained Investments - Credit Rating (1)
Credit Rating (2)
Investments not subject to credit ratings
December 31, 2023 Fair value AAA AA A BBB Non-
Investment
grade
Not rated
Fixed maturity investments trading, at fair value
U.S. treasuries $ 8,013,451  $ —  $ 8,013,451  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ —  $ — 
Corporate (3)
5,340,330  125,544  350,450  1,971,028  1,945,837  938,716  8,755  — 
Agencies 369,599  —  368,699  —  —  —  900  — 
Non-U.S. government 429,476  274,662  136,334  12,866  5,614  —  —  — 
Residential mortgage-backed 1,173,894  182,910  831,164  1,042  8,267  82,880  67,631  — 
Commercial mortgage-backed 360,716  317,861  33,847  4,222  —  1,240  3,546  — 
Asset-backed 1,405,073  1,040,024  246,386  92,298  15,901  864  9,600  — 
Total fixed maturity investments trading, at fair value 17,092,539  1,941,001  9,980,331  2,081,456  1,975,619  1,023,700  90,432   
Short term investments, at fair value 1,624,407  1,310,385  124,204  106,876  76,067  2,284  4,591   
Equity investments, at fair value 106,562              106,562 
Other investments, at fair value
Catastrophe bonds 250,384  —  —  —  —  250,384  —  — 
Fund investments:
Private credit funds 982,016  —  —  —  —  —  —  982,016 
Private equity funds 433,788  —  —  —  —  —  —  433,788 
Term loans 97,658  —  —  97,658  —  —  —  — 
Direct private equity investments 59,905  —  —  —  —  —  —  59,905 
Total other investments, at fair value 1,823,751      97,658    250,384    1,475,709 
Investments in other ventures, under equity method 112,624              112,624 
Total investments $ 20,759,883  $ 3,251,386  $ 10,104,535  $ 2,285,990  $ 2,051,686  $ 1,276,368  $ 95,023  $ 1,694,895 
100.0  % 15.7  % 48.7  % 11.0  % 9.9  % 6.1  % 0.5  % 8.2  %
(1)“Retained” represents the consolidated total investments, less the portions attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and third-party investors in certain joint ventures and managed funds. See “Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for a reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures.
(2)The credit ratings included in this table are those assigned by Standard & Poor’s Corporation (“S&P”). When ratings provided by S&P were not available, ratings from other recognized rating agencies were used. The Company has grouped short term investments with an A-1+ and A-1 short term issue credit rating as AAA, short term investments with an A-2 short term issue credit rating as AA and short term investments with an A-3 short term issue credit rating as A.
(3)Corporate fixed maturity investments include non-U.S. government-backed corporate fixed maturity investments.
                 
26
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Other Items
Earnings per Share
Three months ended Year ended
(common shares in thousands) December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Numerator:
Net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders $ 1,576,682  $ 448,092  $ 2,525,757  $ (1,096,578)
Amount allocated to participating common shareholders (1)
(22,580) (7,431) (37,308) (1,079)
Net income (loss) allocated to RenaissanceRe common shareholders $ 1,554,102  $ 440,661  $ 2,488,449  $ (1,097,657)
Denominator:
Denominator for basic income (loss) per RenaissanceRe common share - weighted average common shares (2)
50,937  42,795  47,493  43,040 
Per common share equivalents of non-vested shares (2)
135  119  114  — 
Denominator for diluted income (loss) per RenaissanceRe common share - adjusted weighted average common shares and assumed conversions (2)
51,072  42,914  47,607  43,040 
Net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share - basic $ 30.51  $ 10.30  $ 52.40  $ (25.50)
Net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share - diluted $ 30.43  $ 10.27  $ 52.27  $ (25.50)
(1)Represents earnings and dividends attributable to holders of unvested shares issued pursuant to the Company’s stock compensation plans.
(2)In periods for which the Company has net loss allocated to RenaissanceRe common shareholders, the denominator used in calculating net loss attributable to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share - basic is also used in calculating net loss attributable to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share - diluted.
                 
27
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Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to the GAAP financial measures set forth in this Financial Supplement, the Company has included certain non-GAAP financial measures within the meaning of Regulation G. The Company has provided certain of these financial measures in previous investor communications and the Company’s management believes that such measures are important to investors and other interested persons, and that investors and such other persons benefit from having a consistent basis for comparison between quarters and for comparison with other companies within or outside the industry. These measures may not, however, be comparable to similarly titled measures used by companies within or outside of the insurance industry. Investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these non-GAAP measures in assessing the Company’s overall financial performance.
                 
28
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Operating Income (Loss) Available (Attributable) to RenaissanceRe Common Shareholders and Operating Return on Average Common Equity - Annualized
The Company uses “operating income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders” as a measure to evaluate the underlying fundamentals of its operations and believes it to be a useful measure of its corporate performance. “Operating income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders” as used herein differs from “net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders,” which the Company believes is the most directly comparable GAAP measure, by the exclusion of (1) net realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments, excluding other investments - catastrophe bonds, (2) net foreign exchange gains and losses, (3) corporate expenses associated with acquisitions and dispositions, (4) acquisition related purchase accounting adjustments, (5) the Bermuda net deferred tax asset, (6) the income tax expense or benefit associated with these adjustments, and (7) the portion of these adjustments attributable to the Company’s redeemable noncontrolling interests. The Company updated its calculation of “operating income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders” to exclude “acquisition related purchase accounting adjustments” because it believes that excluding the impact of acquisition related accounting adjustments provides more comparability and a more accurate measure of the Company’s results of operations. The Company also uses “operating income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders” to calculate “operating income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share - diluted” and “operating return on average common equity - annualized.”
The Company’s management believes that “operating income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders,” “operating income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share - diluted” and “operating return on average common equity - annualized” are useful to management and investors because they provide for more comparability among peers and more accurately measure and predict the Company’s results of operations by removing the variability arising from the listed adjustments.
The following table is a reconciliation of: (1) net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders to “operating income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders”; (2) net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share - diluted to “operating income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share - diluted”; and (3) return on average common equity - annualized to “operating return on average common equity - annualized.” Comparative information for the prior periods presented have been updated to conform to the current methodology and presentation.



                 
29
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Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Three months ended
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders $ 1,576,682  $ 448,092 
Adjustment for:
Net realized and unrealized losses (gains) on investments, excluding other investments - catastrophe bonds (578,828) (138,561)
Net foreign exchange losses (gains) (12,398) (10,781)
Corporate expenses associated with acquisitions and dispositions
61,666  — 
Acquisition related purchase accounting adjustments (1)
52,812  (18)
Bermuda net deferred tax asset (2)
(593,765) — 
Income tax expense (benefit) (3)
12,250  (5,818)
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests (4)
104,691  29,221 
Operating income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders $ 623,110  $ 322,135 
Net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share - diluted $ 30.43  $ 10.27 
Adjustment for:
Net realized and unrealized losses (gains) on investments, excluding other investments - catastrophe bonds (11.33) (3.23)
Net foreign exchange losses (gains) (0.24) (0.25)
Corporate expenses associated with acquisitions and dispositions
1.21  — 
Acquisition related purchase accounting adjustments (1)
1.04  — 
Bermuda net deferred tax asset (2)
(11.63) — 
Income tax expense (benefit) (3)
0.24  (0.14)
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests (4)
2.05  0.68 
Operating income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share - diluted $ 11.77  $ 7.33 
Return on average common equity - annualized 83.5  % 41.2  %
Adjustment for:
Net realized and unrealized losses (gains) on investments, excluding other investments - catastrophe bonds (30.6) % (12.8) %
Net foreign exchange losses (gains) (0.7) % (1.0) %
Corporate expenses associated with acquisitions and dispositions
3.3  % —  %
Acquisition related purchase accounting adjustments (1)
2.8  % —  %
Bermuda net deferred tax asset (2)
(31.4) % —  %
Income tax expense (benefit) (3)
0.6  % (0.5) %
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests (4)
5.5  % 2.7  %
Operating return on average common equity - annualized 33.0  % 29.6  %
(1)Represents the purchase accounting adjustments related to the amortization of acquisition related intangible assets, amortization (accretion) of VOBA and acquisition costs, and the fair value adjustments to the net reserves for claims and claim expenses for the three months ended December 31, 2023 for the acquisitions of Validus $48.8 million (2022 - $Nil); and TMR and Platinum $4.0 million (2022 - $(18.0) thousand).
(2)Represents the net deferred tax benefit resulting from the recognition of deferred tax assets net of deferred tax liabilities in connection with a 15% Bermuda corporate income tax rate, pursuant to the Corporate Income Tax Act 2023, enacted on December 27, 2023.
(3)Represents the income tax (expense) benefit associated with the adjustments to net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders. The income tax impact is estimated by applying the statutory rates of applicable jurisdictions, after consideration of other relevant factors.
(4)Represents the portion of the adjustments above that are attributable to the Company’s redeemable noncontrolling interests, including the income tax impact of those adjustments.
                 
30
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Year ended
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders $ 2,525,757  $ (1,096,578)
Adjustment for:
Net realized and unrealized losses (gains) on investments, excluding other investments - catastrophe bonds (312,625) 1,670,150 
Net foreign exchange losses (gains) 41,479  56,909 
Corporate expenses associated with acquisitions and dispositions
76,380  — 
Acquisition related purchase accounting adjustments (1)
64,866  7,235 
Bermuda net deferred tax asset (2)
(593,765) — 
Income tax expense (benefit) (3)
3,289  (83,149)
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests (4)
19,529  (231,776)
Operating income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders $ 1,824,910  $ 322,791 
Net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share - diluted $ 52.27  $ (25.50)
Adjustment for:
Net realized and unrealized losses (gains) on investments, excluding other investments - catastrophe bonds (6.57) 38.80 
Net foreign exchange losses (gains) 0.87  1.32 
Corporate expenses associated with acquisitions and dispositions
1.60  — 
Adjustment for acquisition related purchase accounting adjustments (1)
1.36  0.17 
Bermuda net deferred tax asset (2)
(12.47) — 
Income tax expense (benefit) (3)
0.07  (1.93)
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests (4)
0.41  (5.39)
Operating income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders per common share - diluted $ 37.54  $ 7.47 
Return on average common equity - annualized 40.5  % (22.0) %
Adjustment for:
Net realized and unrealized losses (gains) on investments, excluding other investments - catastrophe bonds (5.0) % 33.5  %
Net foreign exchange losses (gains) 0.7  % 1.1  %
Corporate expenses associated with acquisitions and dispositions
1.2  % —  %
Adjustment for acquisition related purchase accounting adjustments (1)
1.0  % 0.1  %
Bermuda net deferred tax asset (2)
(9.5) % —  %
Income tax expense (benefit) (3)
0.1  % (1.7) %
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests (4)
0.3  % (4.6) %
Operating return on average common equity - annualized 29.3  % 6.4  %
(1)Represents the purchase accounting adjustments related to the amortization of acquisition related intangible assets, amortization (accretion) of VOBA and acquisition costs, and the fair value adjustments to the net reserves for claims and claim expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for the acquisitions of Validus $48.8 million (2022 - $Nil); and TMR and Platinum $16.1 million (2022 - $7.2 million).
(2)Represents the net deferred tax benefit resulting from the recognition of deferred tax assets net of deferred tax liabilities in connection with a 15% Bermuda corporate income tax rate, pursuant to the Corporate Income Tax Act 2023, enacted on December 27, 2023.
(3)Represents the income tax (expense) benefit associated with the adjustments to net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders. The income tax impact is estimated by applying the statutory rates of applicable jurisdictions, after consideration of other relevant factors.
(4)Represents the portion of the adjustments above that are attributable to the Company’s redeemable noncontrolling interests, including the income tax impact of those adjustments.
                 
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Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Tangible Book Value Per Common Share and Tangible Book Value Per Common Share Plus Accumulated Dividends
The Company has included in this Financial Supplement “tangible book value per common share” and “tangible book value per common share plus accumulated dividends.” “Tangible book value per common share” is defined as book value per common share excluding per share amounts for (1) acquisition related goodwill and other intangible assets, (2) acquisition related purchase accounting adjustments, and (3) other goodwill and intangible assets. “Tangible book value per common share plus accumulated dividends” is defined as book value per common share excluding per share amounts for (1) acquisition related goodwill and other intangible assets, (2) acquisition related purchase accounting adjustments, and (3) other goodwill and intangible assets, plus accumulated dividends. The Company updated its calculation of “tangible book value per common share” to exclude “acquisition related purchase accounting adjustments” because it believes that excluding the impact of acquisition related purchase accounting adjustments provides more comparability and a more accurate measure of the Company’s realizable returns.
The Company’s management believes “tangible book value per common share” and “tangible book value per common share plus accumulated dividends” are useful to investors because they provide a more accurate measure of the realizable value of shareholder returns, excluding the impact of goodwill and intangible assets and acquisition related purchase accounting adjustments. The following table is a reconciliation of book value per common share to “tangible book value per common share” and “tangible book value per common share plus accumulated dividends.” Comparative information for the prior periods presented have been updated to conform to the current methodology and presentation.
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Book value per common share $ 165.20  $ 104.65 
Adjustment for:
Acquisition related goodwill and other intangible assets (1)
(14.71) (5.44)
Other goodwill and intangible assets (2)
(0.35) (0.40)
Acquisition related purchase accounting adjustments (3)
(8.27) (1.66)
Tangible book value per common share 141.87  97.15 
Adjustment for accumulated dividends 26.52  25.00 
Tangible book value per common share plus accumulated dividends $ 168.39  $ 122.15 
Year to date change in book value per common share 57.9  % (20.8) %
Year to date change in book value per common share plus change in accumulated dividends 59.3  % (19.7) %
Year to date change in tangible book value per common share plus change in accumulated dividends 47.6  % (20.8) %
(1)Represents the acquired goodwill and other intangible assets at December 31, 2023 for the acquisitions of Validus $542.7 million (2022 - $Nil), TMR $27.2 million (2022 - $28.3 million) and Platinum $205.5 million (2022 - $209.6 million).
(2)At December 31, 2023, the adjustment for goodwill and other intangibles included $18.1 million (2022 - $17.8 million) of goodwill and other intangibles included in investments in other ventures, under equity method. Previously reported “adjustment for goodwill and other intangibles” has been bifurcated into “acquisition related goodwill and other intangible assets” and “other goodwill and intangible assets.
(3)Represents the purchase accounting adjustments related to the unamortized VOBA and acquisition costs, and the fair value adjustments to reserves at December 31, 2023 for the acquisitions of Validus $374.4 million (2022 - $Nil), TMR $62.2 million (2022 - $73.4 million) and Platinum $(0.8) million (2022 - $(1.0) million).
                 
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Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Adjusted Combined Ratio
The Company has included in this Financial Supplement “adjusted combined ratio." “Adjusted combined ratio” is defined as the combined ratio adjusted for the impact of acquisition related purchase accounting, which includes the amortization of acquisition related intangible assets, purchase accounting adjustments related to the amortization (accretion) of VOBA and acquisition costs, and the fair value adjustments to the net reserve for claims and claim expenses for the acquisitions of Validus, TMR and Platinum. The combined ratio is calculated as the sum of (1) net claims and claim expenses incurred, (2) acquisition expenses, and (3) operational expenses; divided by net premiums earned. The acquisition related purchase accounting adjustments impact net claims and claim expenses incurred and acquisition expenses. The Company’s management believes “adjusted combined ratio” is useful to management and investors because it provides for better comparability and more accurately measures the Company’s underlying underwriting performance. The following table is a reconciliation of combined ratio to “adjusted combined ratio.”
Three months ended December 31, 2023
Catastrophe Other
Property
Property Casualty and Specialty Total
Combined ratio 17.8  % 79.9  % 43.1  % 97.3  % 76.0  %
Adjustment for acquisition related purchase accounting adjustments (1)
(2.0) % (0.5) % (1.4) % (3.0) % (2.4) %
Adjusted combined ratio 15.8  % 79.4  % 41.7  % 94.3  % 73.6  %
Three months ended December 31, 2022
Catastrophe Other
Property
Property Casualty and Specialty Total
Combined ratio 25.2  % 90.8  % 62.6  % 93.7  % 80.5  %
Adjustment for acquisition related purchase accounting adjustments (1)
(1.0) % —  % (0.4) % 0.3  % 0.1  %
Adjusted combined ratio 24.2  % 90.8  % 62.2  % 94.0  % 80.6  %
Year ended December 31, 2023
Catastrophe Other
Property
Property Casualty and Specialty Total
Combined ratio 29.8  % 82.6  % 53.4  % 95.2  % 77.9  %
Adjustment for acquisition related purchase accounting adjustments (1)
(0.7) % (0.2) % (0.5) % (1.0) % (0.8) %
Adjusted combined ratio 29.1  % 82.4  % 52.9  % 94.2  % 77.1  %
Year ended December 31, 2022
Catastrophe Other
Property
Property Casualty and Specialty Total
Combined ratio 88.3  % 112.4  % 100.6  % 95.3  % 97.7  %
Adjustment for acquisition related purchase accounting adjustments (1)
(0.4) % —  % (0.2) % —  % (0.2) %
Adjusted combined ratio 87.9  % 112.4  % 100.4  % 95.3  % 97.5  %
(1)Adjustment for acquisition related purchase accounting includes the amortization of the acquisition related intangible assets and purchase accounting adjustments related to the net amortization (accretion) of VOBA and acquisition costs, and the fair value adjustments to the net reserve for claims and claim expenses for the acquisitions of Validus, TMR and Platinum.
                 
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Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Retained Total Investment Result
The Company has included in this Financial Supplement “retained total investment result.” “Retained total investment result" is defined as the consolidated total investment result less the portions attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and third-party investors in certain joint ventures and managed funds. “Retained total investment result” differs from consolidated total investment result, which the Company believes is the most directly comparable GAAP measure, due to the exclusion of the portions of the consolidated total investment result attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and third-party investors in certain joint ventures and managed funds. The Company’s management believes “retained total investment result” is useful to investors because it provides a measure of the portion of the Company’s investment result that impacts net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders. The following table is a reconciliation of consolidated total investment result to “retained total investment result.”
Three months ended December 31, 2023 Three months ended December 31, 2022
Managed (1)
Adjustment (2)
Retained (3)
Managed (1)
Adjustment (2)
Retained (3)
Fixed maturity investments trading $ 230,437  $ (42,677) $ 187,760  $ 136,019  $ (26,419) $ 109,600 
Short term investments 63,400  (28,287) 35,113  23,908  (15,058) 8,850 
Equity investments 586  —  586  7,474  —  7,474 
Other investments
Catastrophe bonds 57,636  (50,615) 7,021  31,441  (26,748) 4,693 
Other 21,874  —  21,874  13,793  —  13,793 
Cash and cash equivalents 10,114  (281) 9,833  3,947  (307) 3,640 
384,047  (121,860) 262,187  216,582  (68,532) 148,050 
Investment expenses (7,085) 1,343  (5,742) (5,345) 1,239  (4,106)
Net investment income $ 376,962  $ (120,517) $ 256,445  $ 211,237  $ (67,293) $ 143,944 
Net investment income return - annualized 5.7  % (0.4) % 5.3  % 4.1  % 0.0  % 4.1  %
Net realized gains (losses) on fixed maturity investments trading $ (92,952) $ 5,112  $ (87,840) $ (110,762) $ 22,945  $ (87,817)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity investments trading 671,088  (100,648) 570,440  187,900  (38,056) 149,844 
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investment-related derivatives
(45,977) 6,232  (39,745) (3,347) 2,026  (1,321)
Net realized gains (losses) on equity investments 11  —  11  4,397  —  4,397 
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity investments 11,204  25  11,229  55,251  105  55,356 
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on other investments - catastrophe bonds 7,111  (6,273) 838  29,578  (26,193) 3,385 
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on other investments - other 35,454  —  35,454  5,122  —  5,122 
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments 585,939  (95,552) 490,387  168,139  (39,173) 128,966 
Total investment result $ 962,901  $ (216,069) $ 746,832  $ 379,376  $ (106,466) $ 272,910 
Average invested assets $ 27,591,391  $ (8,386,295) $ 19,205,096  $ 21,556,792  $ (7,230,066) $ 14,326,726 
Total investment return - annualized 15.2  % 1.3  % 16.5  % 7.4  % 0.4  % 7.8  %
(1)“Managed” represents the consolidated total investment result, which is comprised of net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments as presented on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
(2)Adjustment for the portions of the consolidated total investment result attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and third-party investors in certain joint ventures and managed funds.
(3)“Retained” represents the consolidated total investment result, less the portions attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and third-party investors in certain joint ventures and managed funds.
                 
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Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Retained Total Investment Result
Year ended December 31, 2023 Year ended December 31, 2022
Managed (1)
Adjustment (2)
Retained (3)
Managed (1)
Adjustment (2)
Retained (3)
Fixed maturity investments trading $ 744,457  $ (150,571) $ 593,886  $ 382,165  $ (66,271) $ 315,894 
Short term investments 213,303  (101,326) 111,977  41,042  (25,356) 15,686 
Equity investments 7,261  —  7,261  20,864  —  20,864 
Other investments
Catastrophe bonds 200,572  (174,370) 26,202  94,784  (80,712) 14,072 
Other 87,296  —  87,296  37,497  —  37,497 
Cash and cash equivalents 23,123  (1,046) 22,077  5,197  (420) 4,777 
1,276,012  (427,313) 848,699  581,549  (172,759) 408,790 
Investment expenses (22,902) 4,736  (18,166) (21,617) 4,534  (17,083)
Net investment income $ 1,253,110  $ (422,577) $ 830,533  $ 559,932  $ (168,225) $ 391,707 
Net investment income return - annualized 5.3  % (0.4) % 4.9  % 2.7  % 0.1  % 2.8  %
Net realized gains (losses) on fixed maturity investments trading $ (393,041) $ 55,060  $ (337,981) $ (732,561) $ 132,161  $ (600,400)
Net unrealized gains (losses) on fixed maturity investments trading 685,095  (96,331) 588,764  (636,762) 70,490  (566,272)
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investment-related derivatives
(68,272) 2,154  (66,118) (165,293) 455  (164,838)
Net realized gains (losses) on equity investments (27,492) —  (27,492) 43,035  —  43,035 
Net unrealized gains (losses) on equity investments 73,243  28  73,271  (166,823) 103  (166,720)
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on other investments - catastrophe bonds 101,897  (89,668) 12,229  (130,335) 112,306  (18,029)
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on other investments - other 43,092  —  43,092  (11,746) —  (11,746)
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments 414,522  (128,757) 285,765  (1,800,485) 315,515  (1,484,970)
Total investment result $ 1,667,632  $ (551,334) $ 1,116,298  $ (1,240,553) $ 147,290  $ (1,093,263)
Average invested assets $ 25,229,892  $ (8,109,208) $ 17,120,684  $ 21,201,054  $ (6,970,356) $ 14,230,698 
Total investment return - annualized 6.9  % (0.4) % 6.5  % (5.7) % (2.0) % (7.7) %
(1)“Managed” represents the consolidated total investment result, which is comprised of net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments as presented on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
(2)Adjustment for the portions of the consolidated total investment result attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and third-party investors in certain joint ventures and managed funds.
(3)“Retained” represents the consolidated total investment result, less the portions attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and third-party investors in certain joint ventures and managed funds.
                 
35
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Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Retained Total Investments
The Company has included in this Financial Supplement “retained total investments.” “Retained total investments” is defined as the consolidated total investments, less the portions attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and third-party investors in certain joint ventures and managed funds. “Retained total investments” differs from consolidated total investments, which the Company believes is the most directly comparable GAAP measure, due to the exclusion of portions of the consolidated total investments attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and third-party investors in certain joint ventures and managed funds. The Company’s management believes the “retained total investments” is useful to investors because it provides a measure of the portion of the Company’s total investments that impacts the investment result included in net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders. The following table is a reconciliation of consolidated total investments to "retained total investments."
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Managed (1)
Adjustment (2)
Retained (3)
Managed (1)
Adjustment (2)
Retained (3)
Fixed maturity investments trading, at fair value
U.S. treasuries $ 10,060,203  $ (2,046,752) $ 8,013,451  $ 7,180,129  $ (1,407,827) $ 5,772,302 
Corporate (4)
6,499,075  (1,158,745) 5,340,330  4,390,568  (998,439) 3,392,129 
Agencies 489,117  (119,518) 369,599  395,149  (81,312) 313,837 
Non-U.S. government 483,576  (54,100) 429,476  383,838  (51,582) 332,256 
Residential mortgage-backed 1,420,362  (246,468) 1,173,894  710,429  (192,368) 518,061 
Commercial mortgage-backed 433,080  (72,364) 360,716  213,987  (64,006) 149,981 
Asset-backed 1,491,695  (86,622) 1,405,073  1,077,302  (51,540) 1,025,762 
Total fixed maturity investments trading, at fair value 20,877,108  (3,784,569) 17,092,539  14,351,402  (2,847,074) 11,504,328 
Short term investments, at fair value 4,604,079  (2,979,672) 1,624,407  4,669,272  (3,537,864) 1,131,408 
Equity investments, at fair value 106,766  (204) 106,562  625,058  (188) 624,870 
Other investments, at fair value
Catastrophe bonds 1,942,199  (1,691,815) 250,384  1,241,468  (1,032,354) 209,114 
Fund investments:
Private credit funds 982,016  —  982,016  771,383  —  771,383 
Private equity funds 433,788  —  433,788  315,323  —  315,323 
Term loans 97,658  —  97,658  100,000  —  100,000 
Direct private equity investments 59,905  —  59,905  66,780  —  66,780 
Total other investments, at fair value 3,515,566  (1,691,815) 1,823,751  2,494,954  (1,032,354) 1,462,600 
Investments in other ventures, under equity method 112,624  —  112,624  79,750  —  79,750 
Total investments $ 29,216,143  $ (8,456,260) $ 20,759,883  $ 22,220,436  $ (7,417,480) $ 14,802,956 
(1)“Managed” represents the consolidated total investments as presented on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Adjustment for the portions of the consolidated total investments attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and third-party investors in certain joint ventures and managed funds.
(3)“Retained” represents the consolidated total investments, less the portions attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and third-party investors in certain joint ventures and managed funds.
(4)Corporate fixed maturity investments include non-U.S. government-backed corporate fixed maturity investments.
                 
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Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Retained Total Investments, Unrealized Gain (Loss)
The Company has included in this Financial Supplement “retained total investments, unrealized gain (loss).” “Retained total investments, unrealized gain (loss)” is defined as the unrealized gain (loss) of the consolidated total investments, less the portions attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and third-party investors in certain joint ventures and managed funds. Unrealized gain (loss) of the consolidated total investments is the difference between fair value and amortized cost or equivalent of the respective investments as at the balance sheet date. “Retained total investments, unrealized gain (loss)” differs from the unrealized gain (loss) of the consolidated total investments, which the Company believes is the most directly comparable GAAP measure, due to the exclusion of portions of the consolidated total investments attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and third-party investors in certain joint ventures and managed funds. The Company’s management believes the “retained total investments, unrealized gain (loss)” is useful to investors because it provides a measure of the portion of the unrealized gain (loss) of investments in the Company’s consolidated total investments that is available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders. The following table is a reconciliation of the total unrealized gain (loss) of investments, to “retained total investments, unrealized gain (loss)”.
December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022
Unrealized gain (loss) - managed (1)
Adjustment (2)
Unrealized gain (loss) - retained (3)
Unrealized gain (loss) - managed (1)
Adjustment (2)
Unrealized gain (loss) - retained (3)
Type of Investment
Fixed maturity investments trading, at fair value
U.S. treasuries $ 66,743  $ (17,267) $ 49,476  $ (186,451) $ 18,305  $ (168,146)
Corporate (4)
(41,016) (13,606) (54,622) (331,461) 31,216  (300,245)
Other (5)
(21,069) 16,748  (4,321) (169,237) 28,448  (140,789)
Total fixed maturity investments trading, at fair value 4,658  (14,125) (9,467) (687,149) 77,969  (609,180)
Short term investments, at fair value 739  (21) 718  (2,309) 1,492  (817)
Equity investments, at fair value 62,660  13  62,673  (10,590) (10) (10,600)
Other investments, at fair value
Catastrophe bonds (76,684) 39,689  (36,995) (182,798) 130,957  (51,841)
Fund investments 184,744  —  184,744  111,423  —  111,423 
Direct private equity investments (38,359) —  (38,359) (31,484) —  (31,484)
Total other investments, at fair value 69,701  39,689  109,390  (102,859) 130,957  28,098 
Total investments $ 137,758  $ 25,556  $ 163,314  $ (802,907) $ 210,408  $ (592,499)
Unrealized gain (loss) on total fixed maturity investments trading, at fair value, per common share (6)
$ (0.18) $ (13.93)
(1)“Managed” represents the consolidated total investments as presented on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Adjustment for the portions of the consolidated total investments attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and third-party investors in certain joint ventures and managed funds.
(3)“Retained” represents the consolidated total investments, less the portions attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and third-party investors in certain joint ventures and managed funds.
(4)Corporate fixed maturity investments include non-U.S. government-backed corporate fixed maturity investments.
(5)Includes agencies, non-U.S. government, residential mortgage-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities within the Company's fixed maturity investments trading portfolio.
(6)Represents the impact to book value per common share of the unrealized gain (loss) on total fixed maturity investments trading, at fair value, of [$9.5 million] and $609.2 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Book value per common share is calculated net of redeemable noncontrolling interests and third-party investors in certain joint ventures and managed funds. Accordingly, there is no corresponding managed metric for the unrealized gain (loss) on total fixed maturity investments trading, at fair value, per common share.
                 
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Comments on Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Operating (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests
The Company has included in this Financial Supplement “operating (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests.” “Operating (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests” is defined as net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests as adjusted for the portion of the adjustments to the Company’s redeemable noncontrolling interests which are excluded from net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders in calculating the Company’s operating income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders. The Company’s management believes that “operating (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests” is useful to investors because it provides additional information on the operations and financial results of the Company’s Managed Joint Ventures and how noncontrolling interests impact the Company’s results. The following table is a reconciliation of net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, to "operating (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests.”
Three months ended Year ended
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
December 31,
2023
December 31,
2022
Net (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests (1)
$ (403,009) $ (236,397) $ (1,058,995) $ 98,613 
Adjustment for the portion of net realized and unrealized losses (gains) on investments, excluding other investments - catastrophe bonds attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests (87,882) (12,996) (38,476) 203,172 
Adjustment for the portion of net foreign exchange losses (gains) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests (16,809) (16,225) 18,947  28,604 
Adjustment for non-operating (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests (2)
(104,691) (29,221) (19,529) 231,776 
Operating (income) loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests $ (298,318) $ (207,176) $ (1,039,466) $ (133,163)
(1)A negative number in the table above represents net income earned by the Consolidated Managed Joint Ventures allocated to third-party investors. Conversely, a positive number represents net losses incurred by the Consolidated Managed Joint Ventures allocated to third-party investors.
(2)Represents the total portion of adjustments attributable to the Company’s redeemable noncontrolling interests which are excluded from net income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders when calculating the Company’s operating income (loss) available (attributable) to RenaissanceRe common shareholders. These adjustments include (1) net realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments, excluding other investments - catastrophe bonds and (2) net foreign exchange gains and losses.


                 
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